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Digital preservation strategies

Limit to: Emulation | Encapsulation | Migration | Universal Virtual Computer (UVC)

While digital technologies are enabling information to be created, manipulated, disseminated, located and stored with increasing ease, preserving access to this information poses a significant challenge. Unless preservation strategies are actively employed, this information will rapidly become inaccessible. Choice of strategy will depend upon the nature of the material and what aspects are to be retained.

Refreshing, that is, copying information without changing it, offers a short-term solution for preserving access to digital material by ensuring that information is stored on newer media before the old media deteriorates beyond the point at which the information can be retrieved.

The migration of digital information from one hardware/software configuration to another or from one generation of computer technology to a later one, offers one method of dealing with technological obsolescence.

While adherence to standards will assist in preserving access to digital information, it must be recognised that technological standards themselves are evolving rapidly.

Technology emulation potentially offers substantial benefits in preserving the functionality and integrity of digital objects. However, its practical benefits for this application have not yet been well demonstrated.

Encapsulation, a technique of grouping together a digital object and anything else necessary to provide access to that object, has been proposed by a number of researchers as a useful strategy in conjunction with other digital preservation methods.

The importance of documentation as a tool to assist in preserving digital material is universally agreed. In addition to the metadata necessary for resource discovery, other sorts of metadata, including preservation metadata, describing the software, hardware and management requirements of the digital material, will provide essential information for preservation.

The requirement to keep every version of all software and hardware, operating systems and manuals, as well as relevant skills, generally makes the preservation of obsolete technologies not a feasible strategy.

Various frameworks designed to assist in managing the preservation of digital material have been developed. These include tools designed for assisting in the development of digital preservation strategies. Often these will entail the identification of the various stages at which the provision of long-term access should be considered.

Articles | Books | Events | Organisations and Websites | Online tutorial | Policies, Strategies & Guidelines | Projects and Case Studies | Bibliographies | Glossaries | Journals & Newsletters | Discussion Lists | Surveys | Tools | Evaluations

Articles

Historical 5th Joint Technical Symposium : Image and Sound Archiving and Access - the challenges of the 3rd Millennium: Abstracts
Joint Technical Symposium/Commission Superieure Technique de l'Image et du Son (Date Created: Jan 2000) (France)
Abstracts of papers and posters presented at this meeting are available in pdf.
http://web.archive.org/web/20041010230730/http://www.cst.fr/jts2000/en
/index.htm
Full proceedings (book or CD-ROM) may be ordered from JTS Paris secretariat: http://www.cst.fr/jts2000/en/index.htm#actes
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Historical Access in the Future Tense
Greenstein, Daniel; Ivey, Bill; Kenney, Anne R.; Lavoie, Brian; Smith, Abby (Date Created: Apr 2004) (United States of America)
This report, based on papers presented at a Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) conference held in May 2003, focuses on preservation and stewardship in the education and research area, including digital preservation of the resources. Preservation topics related to institutional collaboration, cost of maintenance of a digital collection, legal challenges, and policy issues are discussed. Papers include Mapping the Preservation Landscape by Abby Smith ; Library Stewardship in the Digital Age by Daniel Greenstein ; Collection, Preservation and the Changing Resource Base by Anne R. Kenney ; Issues in Intangible Cultural Heritage by Bill Ivey ; Of Mice and Memory : Economically Sustainable Preservation for the Twenty-first Century by Brian Lavoie ; In Support of Long Term Access by Abby Smith.
ISBN: 193232609x
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub126/pub126.pdf
Historical Acid Free Bits : Recommendations for Long-Lasting Electronic Literature
Montfort, Nick; Wardrip-Fruin, Noah (Date Created: 14 Jun 2004)
The purpose of this article is to raise awareness of preservation issues for the creators of e-literature. The article begins by outlining the principles and methods of creating long lived e-literature. The author encourages the incorporation of preservation activities as part of the creation process or at least an awareness of preservation issues when decisions in the creation process are made, such as the use of non-proprietary systems, formats, and the use of adequate documentation.
http://www.eliterature.org/pad/afb.html
Adapting Existing Technologies for Digitally Archiving Personal Lives: Digital Forensics, Ancestral Computing, and Evolutionary Perspectives and Tools
John, Jeremy Leighton (Date Created: 29 Sep 2008) (United Kingdom)
This paper given at iPRES 2008 (British Library Conference Centre, 29-30 Sept. 2008) considers the use of existing technologies for digital curation in the context of personal digital archives and the Digital Manuscripts Project at the British Library. Technologies derived from computer forensics, data conversion, classic and evolutionary computing are discussed and the importance of using multiple technologies rather than a single approach is stressed.
http://www.bl.uk/ipres2008/presentations_day1/09_John.pdf
Addressing the Uncertain Future of Preserving the Past: Towards a Robust Strategy for Digital Archiving and Preservation
Stijn Hoorens; Jeff Rothenberg; Constantijn van Oranje; Martin van der Mandele; Ruth Levitt (Date Created: 2007) (Netherlands)
This report prepared for the Koninklijke Bibliotheek reviews the history of digital preservation, the role of National Libraries and publishers and discusses the dynamic environment of scholarly publishing. The report considers the strategy implications for the KB and its e-Depot archive.
http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR510/
Summary and Full document in PDF available for download from http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR510/ also available for sale. RAND (Technical ) Report TR-510-KB
Historical It Always Hurts the First Time: Experiences with Transferred Electronic Records
van Dijk, Marcel In: Cultivate Interactive (Date Created: Feb 2003) (Netherlands)
This case study notes the problems of transferring electronic records to the Amsterdam Public Record Office from a government agency. The study covers issues such as project planning, metadata, various file formats such as e-mails and text files.
http://www.cultivate-int.org/issue9/amsterdammro/
Historical Applying the Lessons Learned from Retrospective Archiving to the Digital Archiving Conundrum
Heterick, Bruce (Date Created: 2002) (United States of America)
Since 1995 JSTOR has been converting back issues of paper journals into electronic formats. This article provides an overview of the activities of JSTOR in creating an archive of scholarly journals. Included in the piece is a summary of JSTOR’s mission; an explanation of who contributes and uses the archive; a discussion of principles considered fundamental to digital preservation; and a description of five main challenges in archiving electronic content (rights and responsibilities, content, functionality, migration and business model).
http://iospress.metapress.com/content/1wfdrr1waf8ddax8/
Available in Information Services & Use, Vol 22, Issue 2/3, 2002, pp. 113-120, ISSN 0167-5265
Appraising Digital Records for Long-Term Preservation
Eastwood, Terry (Date Created: Dec 2004)
This article discusses electronic record appraisal from an archival viewpoint but draws inferences that may be helpful in the preservation of other types of data, such as scientific data. The article discusses the various stages and processes of appraisal as a first step in digital preservation. The Appraisal Task Force of the InterPARES project is also outlined.
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/dsj/3/0/202/_pdf
Data Science Journal, ISSN 1683-1470, Vol. 3, 2004, pp. 202-208,
APSR Sustainability Issues Discussion Paper
Bradley, Kevin (Date Created: 28 Jan 2005)
This comprehensive paper examines various aspects of digital sustainability. These include economic aspects, such as costing, funding and business models; technological aspects, such as repositories, formats, bit stream and persistence; and risk and risk management. Also included is a summary of specific issues and their associated tasks. The document also includes an extensive bibliography.
http://www.apsr.edu.au/documents/APSR_Sustainability_Issues_Paper.pdf
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Archival Data Format Requirements
Christensen, Steen S. (Date Created: Jul 2004) (Denmark)
This document discusses the requirements of the Netarkivet in terms of both file formats and metadata. The document outlines the basic requirements for storage formats that can be used for long term preservation. Different storage formats are then evaluated in relation to Netarkivet specifications and a recommendation for a suitable long term storage format is made.
http://netarkivet.dk/publikationer/Archival_format_requirements-2004.p
df
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Historical Archiving and Preserving PDF Files
Ockerbloom, John Mark In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: Feb 2001)
This article examines the long-term preservation of Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) files. Possible migration strategies for PDF documents are outlined and appropriate techniques for archiving are discussed.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file5
58.html#feature2
Historical Archiving the Web : European Experiences
Hakala, Juha In: Tietolinja News (Date Created: Oct 2003)
This paper was presented at CONSAL XII, 20-23 October 2003, Brunei, and is an updated version of Collecting and Preserving the Web: Developing and Testing the NEDLIB Harvester, published in 2001. It outlines the outcomes of the NEDLIB Harvester Project for the archiving of Web resources. Some of the key issues in using this form of technology for preserving materials on the Web are reviewed. New developments are discussed including the Nordic Web Archive II project and the establishment of the International Internet Preservation Consortium (IIPC) to develop standards and tools for web archiving.
http://www.kansalliskirjasto.fi/extra/tietolinja/0203/webarchive.html
Historical Audio Archiving for 100 Years & Longer : Once We Decide What to Save, How Should We Do It?
Gladney, Henry (Date Created: Jul 2001)
Gladney's 10 page letter to the editor of the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society places the issues of audio preservation within the frame and concerns of digital preservation generally. It also provides a critique of current digital preservation approaches. He argues that low cost technology has encouraged the use of digital systems for audio by many libraries and archives but that little attention has been paid to the long term preservation of audio documents. These "incompletely solved challenges", he further states, avail themselves of technical solutions, but that the greatest issues will be economic and political.
http://www.aes.org/journal/suppmat/gladney_2001_7.pdf
Journal of the Audio Engineering Society, vol. 49, no. 7/8, July/August 2001
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Historical Automatic Exposure: Capturing Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images
Research Libraries Group (Date Created: Jan 2004) (United States of America)
This article explores a Research Libraries Group (RLG) initiative that seeks to enable cultural heritage institutions capture the data elements proposed by the draft standard, NISO Z39.87 Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images. This standard provides a set of data elements, essential to an institution’s ability to manage and preserve its digital images. Included in the article are ways cultural heritage institutions are dealing with the capture of technical metadata and gives examples of harvesting tools that have been employed by cultural heritage institutions world-wide.
http://www.oclc.org/programs/ourwork/past/automaticexposure/ae_whitepa
per_2003.pdf
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Automating Preservation : New Developments in the PRONOM Service
Brown, Adrian In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Apr 2005) (United Kingdom)
PRONOM 4 is due to be launched in June 2005. This article discusses the revisions and enhancements available in the new version, including technical registry enhancements, automatic file format identification and the development of PRONOM unique identifiers (PUI).
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070519/viewer/file9
59.html#article1
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Historical Avoiding Technological Quicksand : Finding a Viable Technical Foundation for Digital Preservation
Rothenberg, Jeff In: CLIR Reports (Date Created: 15 Jan 1998) Reviewed by: Reality and Chimeras in the Preservation of Electronic Records
This report to the Council on Library and Information Resources discusses digital preservation strategies and recommends emulation as the best possible solution to the digital preservation challenge. Rothenberg advocates the development of specifications to build an emulator for a digital document and its associated software, which are stored with the document. The work of building the emulator is not done until the document needs to be accessed.
http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/rothenberg/contents.html
Historical Beyond Migration: Preserving Electronic Documents with Digital Tablets
Kranch, Douglas A. (Date Created: Sep 1999)
This paper discusses the need for digital preservation and predicts how it could be accomplished with future stable technologies which will encapsulate the hardware, software and data in the form of electronic tablets.
ISSN: 0730-9295
Information Technology and Libraries, September 1998, pp. 138-148
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Historical Blueprint for Representation Information in the OAIS model
Holdsworth, David; Sergeant, Derek In: Cedars : Curl Exemplars in Digital Archives Project
This paper describes the current scheme for representation information employed in the CEDARS project.
http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~ecldh/cedars/nasa2000/nasa2000.html
Born Again Bits : a Framework for Migrating Electronic Literature
Durand, David; Liu, Alan; Montfort, Nick (Date Created: Aug 2005)
This report was published as part of the Preservation, Archiving, and Dissemination (PAD) project. The report outlines issues that need to be address before migration can occur, including defining the object of migration, who will migrate the e-literaure, specific challenges and main migration strategies. The majority of the document deals with two specific approaches, the Interpreter Initiative and X-Literature Initiative. Each initiative is described inclduing technical analyses of issues and conclusions with implementation recommendations.
http://www.eliterature.org/pad/bab.html
Historical Brewster Kahle on the Internet Archive and People's Technology
Rein, Lisa (Date Created: 22 Jan 2004) (United States of America)
In this interview, Brewster Kahle, the founder of the Internet Archive, discusses the philosophy and direction of the Archive. Also discussed are projects in collaboration with the Library of Congress, the implementation of new technologies and some common difficulties in archiving certain files and websites.
http://www.openp2p.com/lpt/a/4563
Historical British Library Strategic Developments
Brindley, Lynne (Date Created: Apr 2003) (United Kingdom)
This article, based on a paper given at the 26th UKSG (United Kingdom Serials Group) Conference in April 2003, looks at recent strategic developments at the British Library (BL). As well as exploring the factors that have influenced such strategies, the author also addresses the new roles of the BL in relation to the areas of digital acquisition, digital article services and digital preservation and archiving. Included in the article is an overview of the current legal deposit (2003) situation in the UK in relation to digital materials, as well as a summary of the BL’s digital infrastructure development.
http://serials.uksg.org/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&back
to=issue,4,24;journal,18,64;linkingpublicationresults,1:107730,1
In Serials The Journal for the Serials Group, (ISSN 0953-0460) Vol. 16, No. 2, July 2003, pp. 125-129.
Historical Building A Digital Library Of Television News
Breeding, Marshall (Date Created: Jun 2003) (United States of America)
This article is a brief overview of the processes involved in establishing a digital archive of television news videotapes at the Vanderbilt Television News Archives in the USA. The author examines some technical apects of converting and preserving the videotape into a digital format; explains the different phases of the project, such as the creation of metadata and the establishment of the digitisation process; and provides an overview of the costs and challenges facing the project.
http://www.librarytechnology.org/ltg-displaytext.pl?RC=10346
Also available in PDF version, Computers in Libraries, June 2003, Vol 23, Issue 6, ISSN 1041-7915 and by subscription online at www.ebscohost.com/
Historical Building a Digital Preservation Archive: Tales From the Front
Caplan, Priscilla (Date Created: Jan 2004) (United States of America)
This article concentrates on the development of a digital archive by the Florida Centre for Library Automation (FCLA). The FCLA supports the libraries of public universities in Florida and initiated the FCLA digital archive (FDA) as a means of assisting such libraries in the preservation of digital collections. At the time of writing (2004) the FDA had been under development for about a year, and the author describes the background and different stages of the project, provides an overview of the archive’s functional design and highlights how action plans and preservation strategies have had to be modified since the initial stages of the project.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03055720410530988
http://ninetta.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03055720410530988
Also available in PDF version and in VINE, Vol 34, No 1, 2004, pp. 38-42, ISSN 0305-5278 (Special Issue: Digital Preservation and Libraries. Part One).
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Historical Building a National Strategy for Digital Preservation: Issues in Digital Media Archiving
Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) (Date Created: Apr 2002) (United States of America)
A collection of papers commissioned by the Library of Congress and the Council on Library and Information Resources as a background to developing the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program. Topics of the papers covered "six principal areas in which the LC faces collection-management issues: large Web sites, electronic books, electronic journals, digitally recorded sound, digital film, and digital television."
http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub106abst.html
Also available in PDF format at http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub106/pub106.pdf
Historical Building Preservation Functionality in a Digital Archive : the National Library of the Netherlands
Bellekom, Chris (Date Created: Oct 2004) (Netherlands)
This article describes the activities of the National Library of the Netherlands (Koninklijke Bibliotheek - KB) to ensure the long term preservation of digital materials. It includes the e-Depot, the development of a preservation manager to store and use the technical metadata in the e-depot and the UVC for images.
http://www.ingentaselect.com/rpsv/cw/alpsp/09531513/v17n4/s3/p275
in Learned Publishing, Vol. 17, no. 4 (October 2004), ISSN 0953-1513. pp. 275-280.
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Historical C-ing Ahead for Digital Longevity
CAMiLEON Project; Holdsworth, David (Date Created: Aug 2001)
This is the second draft of Emulation C-ing Ahead. This paper proposes the use of a subset of the C programming language as the most cost-effective technique for implementing emulation for long-term preservation.
http://www.si.umich.edu/CAMILEON/reports/cingahd.html
Historical CAMiLEON : BBC Domesday
CAMILEON (Creative Archiving at Michigan and leeds: Emulating the Old on the New)
This articles provides an overview of CAMiLEON's Domesday Project, which uses the BBC's 1986 Domesday Project as a test case for the implementation and development of emulation strategies for the preservation of digital material. The Domesday Project is a multimedia digital project originally produced on 12" video discs. It was intended that future generations would view this resource. It as chosen as a prime test case because it is in danger of loss through technological obsolescence, and represents challenges in terms of scale, complexity and intellectual property rights. The article includes FAQ's, technical and property rights issues and screenshots of the emulator in action.
http://www.si.umich.edu/CAMILEON/domesday/domesday.html
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Historical CAMiLEON : Emulation and BBC Domesday
Mellor, Phil In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Apr 2003) (United Kingdom)
This article reports on a meeting in December 2002 at the University of Leeds to demonstrate and discuss CAMiLEON's (Creative Archiving at Michigan and Leeds Emulating the Old on the New) work in preserving the BBC Domesday Project. The article provides some background information on the original Project, including examples of content. The CAMiLEON Project has spent 3 years developing strategies for digital preservation and testing them with materials such as the BBC Domesday system. The article describes some of the issues and problems encountered during this process such as videodisc damage, hardware unreliability, development of emulation software and the ongoing issues of Intellectual Property Rights for the many individual and institutional contributors to the Project.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file1
651.html#feature3
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Historical CAMiLEON : Migration on Request
CAMiLEON (Creative Archiving at Michigan and Leeds: Emulating the Old on the New) (Date Created: 2002)
This resource notes the concepts behind "Migration on Request", an alternative to conventional migration, and describes the design and development of a Migration on Request tool, in this case a tool for transforming vector graphics files for rendering by contemporary software. Executable files, source code and developer documentation are available for the tool exemplar.
http://www.si.umich.edu/CAMILEON/reports/mor/index.html
Historical CAMiLEON Project : Legal Issues Arising From the Work Aiming to Preserve Elements of the Interactive Multimedia Work Entitled "The BBC Domesday Project"
Charlesworth, Andrew (Date Created: 2002) (United Kingdom)
CAMiLEON is using the BBC's 1986 Domesday Project as a test case for the implementation and development of strategies for the preservation of digital material. The Domesday Project is a multimedia digital project originally produced on 12-inch video discs. It was intended that future generations would view this resource. However, the software and hardware required for viewing has a finite lifetime. The article discusses the intellectual property rights management issues associated with emulating the resource, the software required to use it and the professional and non-professional content.
http://www.si.umich.edu/CAMILEON/reports/IPRreport.doc
Historical Can We Save Our Audio-visual Heritage?
Teruggi, Daniel In: Ariadne (Date Created: 30 Apr 2004)
PrestoSpace is the new FP6 integrated project, a major international initiative seeking to find preservation solutions for analogue media. The Programme deals with different components essential for preservation including restoration, storage, archive management and description (metadata). PestoSpace covers digital preservation of all types of audio-visual collections.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue39/teruggi/
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Historical Canonicalization : A Fundamental Tool to Facilitate Preservation and Management of Digital Information
Lynch, Clifford In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Sep 1999)
This paper describes how canonical formats and canonicalization algorithms for various types of digital objects may be applied to help support the management of digital objects.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september99/09lynch.html
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Historical Carrying Authentic, Understandable and Usable Digital Records Through Time
Bikson, T.; RAND-Europe; Rothenberg, J. (Date Created: 6 Aug 1999)
This report to the Dutch National Archives and Ministry of the Interior presents the results of a study to define a strategy and framework for the long-term management and preservation of digital governmental records. A "testbed" in which specific digital preservation techniques can be prototyped and evaluated is proposed.
http://www.digitaleduurzaamheid.nl/bibliotheek/docs/final-report_4.pdf
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Historical CEDARS Project Report: April 1998 - March 2001
CEDARS Project Team (Date Created: Jun 2001) (United Kingdom)
The report of the first three years of the CEDARS project, a focussed investigation into digital preservation issues. The report comprises an overview of the CEDARS demonstrator archive established across the CEDARS partners, the universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Leeds, and contains case studies for a variety of deposited digital materials and basic recommendations for use of migration and emulation as preservation strategies. The report also provides guidance and recommendations on organisational and management issues. The full report is available for download as PostScript or PDF.
http://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20050410120000/http://www
.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/pubconf/papers/projectReports/cedarsrepmar01exec.h
tml
Archived by the UK Web Archive
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Historical CEDARS: Long-term Access and Usability of Digital Resources: The Digital Preservation Conundrum
Russell, Kelly (Date Created: Dec 1998) (United Kingdom)
This article examines the meaning of the task of digital preservation, some strategies for preserving digital material, and provides background to the Cedars project.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue18/cedars/
Historical CFP : Call For Preservation! : Results and discussion of a survey on the preservation of Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Libner, Kelsey (Date Created: 2003) (United States of America)
The first part of this paper discusses the results of a survey of 16 institutions regarding practices for the long term preservation of ETDs (electronic theses and dissertations). Data migration, preservation policies, electronic file backup and workflows are some of the areas surveyed. The second part of the paper discusses the file formats, particularly PDF and PDF/A. Areas requiring further investigation are also discussed.
http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/etd2003/libner-kelsey/HTML/index.html
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Historical Challenge of Preserving Digital Maps
Stenvall, Jani (Date Created: 2003) (Finland)
This article discusses the revision of the Finnish legal deposit legislation to include digital publications. It also discusses strategies in the preservation of digital maps at the Helsinki University Library, which is the National Library.
http://liber.library.uu.nl/publish/articles/000007/index.html
Also available in PDF version and in LIBER Quarterly, 13(2003)1-4, pp. 57-63, ISSN 1435-5205
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Some Challenges and Issues in Managing and Preserving Access to Long-Lived Collections of Scientific and Technical Data
Anderson, W. L. (Date Created: Dec 2004)
This report summarises the major archiving, preservation and access issues for scientific and technical data as identified by an ad hoc working group of the U.S. National Committee for CODATA. The author divides these issues into four categories: science-based issues, including interoperability and compatiblity of the various types of science data (e.g. observational, experimental and computer generated data); data management issues, including selection and appraisal; policy issues, such as access and copyright; and technical issues including the volume of data and the diversity of formats.
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/dsj/3/0/191/_pdf
Data Science Journal, ISSN 1683-1470, Vol. 3, December 2004, pp. 191-202.
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Historical Change the Metaphor : The Archive as an Ecosystem
Coleman, David; Martin, Julia In: JEP - The Journal of Electronic Publishing (Date Created: Apr 2002)
This article introduces a new metaphor for the processes in managing the preservation of digital archives, that of the ecosystem, and likens the survival of data against technological change to the processes of evolutionary adaptation - "an ongoing process of selection -- of media platforms, of preservation structures, of migratory patterns " to avoid "data extinction".
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.3336451.0007.301
New CODA
LDB-Centrum (Date Created: 2007) (Sweden)
CODA (Curation of Digital Assets) is a programme of the LDB-Centrum (Centre for Long-term Digital Preservation) in Sweden. Project areas include: CODA-FORM -archive formats, format registers and tools to identify file formats; CODA-META - evaluation of four tools for metadata extraction; CODA-POP - selecting carriers and determining best time for refresh, conversion & migration; CODA-WEBB - strategies for web archiving & web crawlers. Full reports on each project are available in Swedish with extract in English.
http://www.ltu.se/ies/ldb-centrum/projekt/coda?l=en
Website in Swedish and English versions.
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Historical Collecting and Preserving the World Wide Web : a Feasibility Study Undertaken for the JISC and Wellcome Trust
Day, Michael (Date Created: 25 Feb 2003) (United Kingdom)
The study (91 p.) is an analysis of the task of archiving the web, and includes a review of current web archiving activities and approaches. One of the major recommendations of this study is to establish a pilot medical web archiving project using the National Library of Australia's PANDAS software.
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/archiving_feasibility.pdf
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Historical Collection-Based Persistent Digital Archives - Part 1
Baru, Chaitan; Gupta, Amarnath; Ludaescher, Bertram; Marciano, Richard; Moore, Reagan; Rajasekar, Arcot; San Diego Supercomputer Center; Schroeder, Wayne; Wan, Michael In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Mar 2000)
This article, from the San Diego Supercomputer Center, "defines an approach for maintaining digital data for hundreds of years through development of an environment that supports migration of collections onto new software systems." "The ultimate goal is to preserve not only the bits associated with the original data, but also the context that permits the data to be interpreted." See also Part 2 of this article which describes the creation of a one million message persistent email collection.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march00/moore/03moore-pt1.html
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Historical Collection-Based Persistent Digital Archives - Part 2
Baru, Chaitan; Gupta, Amarnath; Ludaescher, Bertram; Marciano, Richard; Moore, Reagan; Rajasekar, Arcot; San Diego Supercomputer Center; Schroeder, Wayne; Wan, Michael In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Apr 2000)
This article, from the San Diego Supercomputer Center, describes a project to create a one million message persistent email collection. Following on from Part 1 , which describes the development of an environment that supports migration of collections onto new software systems, this article discusses the four parts of a persistent archive system: "support for ingestion, archival storage, information discovery, and presentation of the collection."
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april00/moore/04moore-pt2.html
In D-Lib Magazine, Vol 6, No. 4
Historical Coming Crisis in Preserving Our Digital Cultural Heritage
Lynch, Clifford A (Date Created: 06 Jan 2003) (United States of America)
In this article the author explores the challenges that are facing cultural heritage institutions in relation to digital preservation. The author states that it is difficult for libraries to maintain their role of preserving society’s cultural and intellectual heritage due to the fact that an increasing amount of heritage is being produced in digital form. Constraints for librarians have arisen from digitisation and include areas such as legal rights and protections, both of which have made it difficult for copying and reformatting material. The article offers suggestions on how to address these problems, including making the preservation of intellectual and cultural record in digital form a public policy as well as a legal issue.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a903396299~db=all~ord
er=page
Co-published in the Journal of Library Administration, (ISSN0193-0826) 38, 3/4, 2003 pp. 149-161 and : The Strategic Stewardship of Cultural Resources : To Preserve and Protect (ed: Andrea T. Merrill)
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Comparison Between Migration and Emulation in Terms of Costs
Kol, Nada; Oltmans, Erik In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Apr 2005) (Netherlands)
This extensive article discusses the major digital preservation strategies of emulation and migration and how they relate to lifecycle management issues and costs. Cost calculation formulae and cost components for both migration and emulation are canvassed. The example of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek's e-Depot is used to contexualise these issues.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070519/viewer/file9
59.html#article0
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Historical Contract, Copyright and the Future of Digital Preservation
Ryan, Alicia (Date Created: Jan 2004) (United States of America)
Set within the context of the United States, the author of this article discusses copyright issues for digital material and its implications to libraries and other depositories. She argues that libraries and archives should be granted legal rights to handle digital material, including copying, preserving and providing access to the stored material, especially in cases when the works are at risk or no longer commercially available.
http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/scitech/volume
101/ryan.pdf
In Journal of Science and Technology Law, Vol. 10, no. 1, (Winter 2004)
Historical Conversion & Document Formats : Backfile Conversion and Format Issues for Information Stored in Digital Archives
Hewlett Packard; Romany, Nancy (Date Created: 2002)
AIMM Industry Whitepaper on Records, Document and Enterprise Content Management for the Public Sector. First ed.
ISBN: 3936534020
http://web.archive.org/web/20050720133806/http://h30046.www3.hp.com/up
loads/whitepapers/conversion_formats_wp.pdf
AIIM Industry Whitepaper vol. 2 . Archived by the Internet Archive
Historical Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation
Muir, Adrienne (Date Created: Jun 2003) (United Kingdom)
This article gives an overview of the Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation Project, which investigated whether copyright legislation and licensed access to digital content threaten the ability of libraries to provide long-term access to that content and to suggest ways in which the problems can be overcome. It also includes background information on digital preservation practices and their associated copyright problems.
http://www.cilip.org.uk/publications/updatemagazine/archive/archive200
3/june/update0306c.htm
in Library and Information Update, June 2003.
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Historical Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation Project Seminar
Loughborough University of Technology. Dept. of Library and Information Studies (Date Created: 2003)
This is a report on the Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation Project Seminar held on November 19th, 2003 at the Policy Studies Institute in London. Attendees included publishers, librarians, legal and digital preservation experts. The seminar featured a presentation on the Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation Project, as well as discussion focused on preservation copying requirements, copyright issues and relationships with publishers. The report identifies constraints to digital preservation and proposes recommendations on how the constraints may be overcome.
http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ls/disresearch/CLDP/DOCUMENTS/Semin
ar%20Report%20.doc
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Historical Cyberculture, Cultural Asset Management, and Ethnohistory : Preserving the Process and Understanding the Past
Ross, Seamus (Date Created: Jun 2001)
In this keynote address from the Preserving the Present for the Future : Strategies for the Internet conference, Seamus Ross emphasises the importance of preserving the cultural context in which the internet operates. The author highlights eight challenges for ensuring long-term access to materials in cyberspace, and compares the advantages of centralised, decentralised and distributed archiving models.
http://www.deflink.dk/upload/doc_filer/doc_alle/740_sross_cyberculture
_rev2.doc
Historical DARE : A New Age in Academic Information Provision in the Netherlands
Van der Vaart, Lilian (Date Created: 01 Jul 2003) (Netherlands)
The DARE programme (Digital Academic Repositories), which runs from 2003-2006, was instigated in the Netherlands as a joint programme between all Dutch Universities, the National Library of the Netherlands, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research. The aim of DARE, is to “ enable universities to better fulfil their own role and responsibility in the preservation and accessibility of the academic information produced in their own institute.” This paper describes the processes and developments of the first stage of the programme (up to June 2003).
http://www.surffoundation.nl/SFDocuments/Paper_EUNIS_2003.pdf
This paper was given at the 9th International Conference of European University Information Systems (EUNIS) in Amsterdam, 4 July, 2003
Historical Data Extinction
Tristram, Claire (Date Created: Oct 2002)
The author briefly describes migration, encapsulation and emulation as preservation strategies. The concept of a Universal Virtual Computer (UVC) is also discussed. The UVC would comprise of a program of simple instruction sets which would allow software programs to become interoperable between various types of hardware.
http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/12975/?a=f
Available in Technology Review, Vol. 105, issue 8 (October 2002) 1099-274X,
Historical Data Preservation : Great Data But Will It Last?
Spedding, Vanessa (Date Created: 2003) (United Kingdom)
This article is an overview of the major digital preservation initiatives in both Europe and the United States. The article contains a brief description of the problems facing governments, libraries and business in long term preservation. Costs, commercial potential, and investment in archiving products are also discussed.
http://www.researchinformation.info/rispring03data.html
in Resource Information, Issue 5, Spring 2003.
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Historical Data Recovery and Providing Access to Digital Manuscripts
Woodyard, Deborah In: Information Online 2001: Digital Dancing: New Steps, New Partners (Date Created: 2001) (Australia)
Presented at the Information Online conference 2001, this paper describes the issues and the development of procedures for the management, access and preservation of manuscripts in digital formats. The project deals with the many obsolete floppy discs and word processing formats in the National Library of Australia's manuscript collection. Issues include format selection, authenticity, maintaining layout of the original text and preservation metadata.
http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/2001/woodyard3.html
Data Without Meaning: Establishing the Significant Properties of Digital Research
Knight, Gareth; Pennock, Maureen (Date Created: 29 Sep 2008) (United Kingdom)
This paper given at iPRES 2008 (British Library Conference Centre, 29-30 Sept. 2008) outlines methodologies being developed by InterPARES, PLANETS and other international research to support the decision making process and recent JISC funded studies to specify the significant properties of vector images, moving images, software and learning objects. The paper provides a definition of significant properties and outlines their role in a digital preservation strategy for digital research.
http://www.bl.uk/ipres2008/presentations_day1/16_Knight.pdf
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Historical Database of Virtual Art for an Expanded Concept of Documentation
Grau, Oliver (Date Created: 2003)
This article, written by the developer of the Database of Virtual Art, discusses the database's development as well as the detailed documentation stored on the works in the database. Because of the unique nature of virtual art, extensive documentation is vital if the art is to remain accessible in the future.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070429172110/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/gra
u/database.htm
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Historical Database Preservation Issues
Verdegem, Remco (Date Created: 2003) (Netherlands)
This paper, based on the the work of the Digital Preservation Testbed, was presented at the ERPANET workshop on Long-term preservation of databases in Bern, Switzerland in April 2003. The progress in developing strategies for database preservation is discussed within the context of migration, emulation and in particular, XML conversions. XML, identified as an approach in its own right, is compared to alternate strategies. The Digital Preservation Testbed's XML conversion tool and schema is considered.
http://www.digitaleduurzaamheid.nl/bibliotheek/docs/longterm_preservat
ion_of_databases.pdf
Historical DEJA: A Year in Review
Baudoin, Patsy; Smith, MacKenzie (Date Created: 30 May 2002) (United States of America)
This article, presented as part of the Andrew W Mellon Foundation Electronic Journal Archiving Program, provides an overview of the work undertaken by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in relation to the design of a Dynamic E-journal Archive (DEJA). Areas addressed in the article include a definition of dynamic electronic journals, the types of content that should be considered for preservation purposes and a description of preservation strategies.
http://www.diglib.org/preserve/mitfinal.pdf
Also available in Archiving Electronic Journals: Research Funded by the Andrew W Mellon Foundation, edited and introduced by Linda Cantara, Indiana University.
Historical Developing a Digital Preservation Strategy at Edinburgh University Library
Semple, Najla (Date Created: Jan 2004) (United Kingdom)
This article concentrates on a digital preservation pilot project developed at the Edinburgh University Library. It not only provides the background to the project, but includes descriptions of preservation metadata schema, the main features of the Library’s OAIS -based pilot archive, its integration of the METS standard, as well as plans for merging both METS and OAIS into the Library’s new digital object management system.
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03055720410530979
Also available in PDF version and in VINE, Vol 34, No 1, 2004, pp. 33-37, ISSN 0305-5278 (Special Issue: Digital Preservation and Libraries. Part One).
Historical Developing a Digital Preservation Strategy for JSTOR: an Interview with Kevin Guthrie
Anne R. Kenney; Kevin Guthrie; Oya Y. Rieger In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Aug 2000)
An interview with the President of JSTOR, Kevin Guthrie, outlining the strategy for the safeguarding of JSTOR's archive of electronic scholarly literature.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file3
700.html#feature1
Development of a Universal Virtual Computer (UVC) for Long-Term Preservation of Digital Objects
van Diessen, R. J.; van der Hoeven, J. R.; van der Meer, K. (Date Created: Jun 2005) (Netherlands)
"Emulation has been proposed as a preservation strategy for longevity of digital objects. An advantage of emulation is the relative platform independency. Emulation with a high degree of platform independency requires a Universal Virtual Computer (UVC), as described by Lorie. This paper describes the realization of the enhanced UVC developed for the National Library of the Netherlands. The preservation method of the UVC at preservation time and at retrieval time (in the future) is concisely described, the conceptual model of the UVC is given, and the object design and the logical data viewer of the UVC are presented. The UVC has been realized and proven to work for image types using the JPEG and GIF87a formats, although performance of the present UVC can still can be improved..." (Description from abstract)
http://jis.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/31/3/196
Journal of Information Science, Volume 31, Number 3 (June 2005), pp. 196-208 and by subscription online at http://www.sagepub.com/
Historical Digital Archive Developments
Falk, Howard (Date Created: 2003)
This article provides a guide to the development of digital archives in universities, colleges, as well as national and international governmental institutions worldwide. The author provides an overview of academic digital archives in the USA and Europe; the concerns of journal publishing such as the costs of digital repositories and copyright; worldwide national initiatives and projects to preserve digital materials including activities of the British Library, Library of Congress, and the National Archives of Australia; as well as information relating to archiving software.
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/02640470310491603
Available in The Electronic Library, Vol 21, Number 4, pp. 375-379 (ISSN 02640473). Subscription is also available online at http://konstanza.emeraldinsight.com/. Available in HTML or pdf formats.
Digital Containers for Shipment into the Future
Boudrez, Filip (Date Created: Jul 2005) (Belgium)
This article (15 p.) discusses the eDavid preservation strategy which was based on recommendations of the DAVID project. It also discusses encapsulation as a storage strategy and and the XML schemas developed for the preservation programme.
http://www.expertisecentrumdavid.be/docs/digital_containers.pdf
Article also available in Dutch.
Historical Digital Curation: Should we be Prepared to Face a Future Without Digital Curation?
Burnhill, Peter (Date Created: May 2004) (United Kingdom)
This article focuses on the Digital Curation Centre (DCC) in the UK. The main aim of the DCC is to support UK institutions to actively manage, as well as to store and preserve digital data for long-term access. Included in the article is an critical examination of issues regarding scholarly data, description of the key objectives of the centre and an overview of the DCC’s main research priorities.
http://www.researchinformation.info/rimayjun04digitalcuration.html
Available in Research Information, May/June 2004, Issue 11
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Digital Data Curation Task Force : Report of the Task Force Strategy Discussion Day
Digital Archiving Consultancy (Date Created: Jan 2003) (United Kingdom)
This report summarises issues discussed at a meeting of the Digital Data Curation Task Force held 26th November 2002 in London. The Task Force was established to work towards defining and structuring a strategy for the use and re-use of digital research data in the UK. Membership of the Task Force covers research, academic and commericial sectors. Areas discussed include the need to establish exemplar science-led research projects which would demonstrate the benefits and value of the re-use of primary research data and the concept of 'curation'.
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/CurationTaskForceFinal1.pdf
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Historical Digital Electronic Archiving : the State of the Art and the State of the Practice
Carroll, B. C.; Hodge, G.; Information International Associates Inc. (Date Created: 26 Apr 1999)
The Executive Summary and Main Report are available at: http://www.icsti.org/99ga/digarch99_ExecP.pdf and http://www.icsti.org/99ga/digarch99_MainP.pdf, respectively. This study was undertaken to provide information on the state of the art and practice in digital electronic archiving policies, models and best practices. The study is international in scope and includes a variety of data types applicable to scientific and technical information including data, text, images, audio, video and multimedia, and a variety of object types such as electronic journals and monographs, satellite imagery, biological sequence data and patents. Several "cutting edge" projects are identified for more detailed analysis.
http://web.archive.org/web/20040715012747/http://www.icsti.org/Dig_Arc
hiving_Report_1999.pdf
Historical Digital Future : a Look Ahead
Hunter, Greg S. (Date Created: Feb 2002)
This article examines three critical aspects of digital preservation: medium, technology and intellectual preservation. The various approaches to preserving information integrity over time are discussed. The author also examines three strategies for a short or long-term implementation plan.
http://www.arma.org/bookstore/productdetail.cfm?ProductID=1234
in Information Management Journal, January/February 2002, pp 70-72 Available from ARMA bookstore
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Digital Preservation & Emulation: From Theory to Practice
Granger, Stewart (Date Created: 2001)
To be presented at the September 2001 ICHIM Conference, this paper examines emulation as a digital preservation strategy. As well as drawing on mathematical theory, the author analyses the practical role of emulation in the preservation of digital materials.
http://www.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/pubconf/papers/ichim01SG.html
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Historical Digital Preservation : A Report From the Roundtable Held in Munich, 10-11 October 1999
Beagrie, Neil; Elkington, Nancy In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Dec 1999) (Germany)
This report about the Roundtable meeting held in Munich in October 1999, hosted by the Bavarian State Library and the German National Library, provides a brief summary of current research and programmes for digital preservation and an overview of the situation within Germany itself.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file3
27.html#confrep
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Historical Digital Preservation : a Time Bomb for Digital Libraries
Hedstrom, Margaret (Last Updated: 16 Oct 1995)
This paper discusses the challenges and requirements of digital preservation, some current preservation strategies and their limitations and four areas for research and development: storage media, migration, conversion, and management tools.
http://www.uky.edu/%7Ekiernan/DL/hedstrom.html
Historical Digital Preservation : an Introduction to the Standards Issues Surrounding the Deposit of Non-Print Publications
Bide, M., Potter, E. J. , Watkinson, A. (Date Created: Sep 1999) (United Kingdom)
This study aims to focus attention on the issues surrounding legal deposit of electronic publications in the United Kingdom. The report defines electronic publications, how they should be selected for legal deposit and provides an outline of digital preservation strategies. The study provides a good summary of relevant digital preservation issues, focussing on legal deposit.
ISBN: 1873671253
http://www.bic.org.uk/files/pdfs/digpres.pdf
Digital Preservation : Architecture and Technology for Trusted Digital Repositories
Giarlo, Michael J.; Jantz, Ronald In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jun 2005)
This article discusses the importance of establishing and maintaining trust and authenticity throughout the lifecycle of records within academic digital repositories. It gives an overview of technologies for enabling permanence and trust such as Persistent Identifiers, PIDs and naming conventions. The digital preservation architecture at Rutgers University Libraries digital repository is used to demonstrate this approach.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1045/june2005-jantz
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june05/jantz/06jantz.html
Historical Digital Preservation : Awareness, Responsibility and Rights Issues
Muir, Adrienne (Date Created: 2004) (United Kingdom)
This article reports on the first phase of the Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation research project. The project aims to ascertain to what extent copyright legislation and licensed access to digital content affects the digital preservation efforts of libraries in the UK. The project methodology includes survey questionnaires, literature reviews, face to face interviews and a seminar. This report analyses the results of the first two methodologies.
http://jis.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/1/73
Journal of Information Science, Vol. 30, no.1 (2004), ISSN 0165-5515, pp. 73-92.
Historical Digital Preservation : Best Practice for Museums
Au Yeung, Tim (Date Created: 15 Mar 2004)
This paper features a literature review of best practice guides analysing areas including costs, intellectual property rights (IPR) and storage media. Also included is a set of recommendations based on the guides and a checklist which provides a framework for the implementation of a digital preservation strategy within the museum context. A bibliography is also included.
http://www.chin.gc.ca/English/Digital_Content/Digital_Preservation/ind
ex.html
Also available in .pdf format.
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Historical Digital Preservation : Paradox and Promise
Wiggins, Richard (Date Created: 18 Jun 2001)
This Library Journal cover story from 2001 describes some current approaches to digital preservation issues. Aspects such as the disappearance of digital records, archiving costs, offline storage, and methods for capturing websites are examined in turn.
http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA90054.html?q=paradox+and+promi
se
netConnect, Spring 2001
Historical Digital Preservation : Problems and Prospects
Hedstrom, Margaret (Date Created: Mar 2001)
This paper provides an outline of the major issues that long-term preservation raises for digital libraries and describes the main technical strategies upon which digital preservation has up to now relied upon, identified as standards and migration. The author provides an assessment of emulation as a preservation strategy and notes other strategies such as 'print-to-paper', 'computer museums' and 'digital archaeology'. She also comments on some major operational models and research projects including the Open Archival Information Systems (OAIS) Reference Model, Project NEDLIM and the CEDARS Project. The article is published in issue no. 20 (March 2001) of Digital Libraries (Dijitaru toshokan).
http://www.dl.slis.tsukuba.ac.jp/DLjournal/No_20/1-hedstrom/1-hedstrom
.html
Historical Digital Preservation : Recording the Recoding : the Documentary Strategy
Depocas, Alain (Date Created: 2002) (Austria)
This article argues that the best way to preserve new media art is to disseminate the work together with the relevant documentation that includes metadata as well as contextual information. Establishing the structure of this documentation can pose a great challenge since it involves recording as many aspects as possible of artistic activities including new technologies, as well as the history of the evolution of new art forms. The accompanying documentation is envisaged as an interpretation, rather than mere illustration of the new media art - as an interface that makes it possible to explore the networked structured work, rather than just to capture or contain it. Therefore the nature of archives is redefined from the notion of storing the information, to that of navigation, of establishing links between pieces of information, of mapping, and of the ability to identify relevant information.
http://www.fondation-langlois.org/html/e/page.php?NumPage=152
Version of paper presented at the ARS Electronica Festival, 2001
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Historical Digital Preservation : State of the Art November 1999 Update
Fresko, M. (Last Updated: 16 Dec 1999)
This paper discusses digital preservation and the issues surrounding it and was prepared from research conducted on behalf of the European Commission in 1998. It was presented at the Consolidating the European Library Space conference in 1999.
http://www.cordis.lu/libraries/events/fp4ce/speech/fresko.html#freskop
Historical Digital Preservation Activities in the UK: Building the Infrastructure
Jones, Maggie (Date Created: Aug 2003) (United Kingdom)
This article provides an overview of the developments and activities in digital preservation in the United Kingdom – from the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) and British Library-hosted workshop at the University of Warwick in 1995 up until the present day. Included are summaries of the Cedars and CAMiLEON projects, the JISC Continuing Access and Digital Preservation Strategy (2002-2005), the work of the British Library and the National Archives as well as the Digital Preservation Coalition.
http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla69/papers/129e-Jones.pdf
This paper was given at the World Library and Information Congress: 69th IFLA General Conference and Council, 1-9 August, 2003 in Berlin
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Digital Preservation and Permanent Access : the UVC for Images
Oltmans, Erik; van Wijngaarden, Hilde (Date Created: 23 Apr 2004) (Netherlands)
This paper describes the extension of the e-Depot at the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, the National Library of the Netherlands. Two components of the preservation subsystem, the Preservation Manager and the Universal Virtual Computer (UVC) for images are covered in detail. The Preservation Manager monitors the technical environment required to render stored digital objects. The UVC offers a method for permanent access to images, with the future aim being to support PDF for the long term.
http://www.kb.nl/hrd/dd/dd_links_en_publicaties/publicaties/uvc-ist.pd
f
In Proceedings of the Imaging Science & Technology Archiving Conference, San Antonio, USA, April 23 2004 pp254-259
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Historical Digital Preservation and Permanent Access to Scientific Information : The State of the Practice
Frangakis, Evelyn; Hodge, Gail (Last Updated: 13 May 2004)
This report is an update to “Digital Electronic Archiving : the State of the Art and Practice” report, also jointly sponsored by the International Council for Scientific and Technical Information (ICSTI) and CENDI. It focuses on operational digital preservation systems used specifically in science and technology, while considering the wide range of digital objects as well as different format types, including text, data, audio, video, etc. The report identified 50 projects and systems used by various international organizations to preserve digital science data, of which 21 were selected to highlight because of the operational nature of their systems as well as the potential wider interest to the scientific community.
http://cendi.dtic.mil/publications/04-3dig_preserv.html
PDF version available for printing.
Historical Digital Preservation Coalition
Jones, Maggie In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Feb 2004) (United Kingdom)
An interview with Maggie Jones, Coordinator of the UK Digital Preservation Coalition (DPC). It provides background information, goals and objectives and some information about future directions of the organisation.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file3
683.html#article1
Historical Digital Preservation Coalition
Jones, Maggie (Date Created: Jun 2004) (United Kingdom)
This article, adapted from a paper given by the author at the August 2003 IFLA Conference, gives a brief history and description of the major activities of the Digital Preservation Coalition (DPC) since its inception in February 2002.
http://oberon.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03055720410531031
Also available in pdf version and in VINE Digital Preservation and Libraries, Part Two. , Vol. 34, no. 2, 2004, pp. 84-86, ISSN 0305-5728
Historical Digital Preservation Conference: Report from York, UK
Beagrie, Neil; Dale, Robin In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: Dec 2000)
This is a review of the Preservation 2000 conference and Information Infrastructures for Digital Preservation workshop held in York, UK in December 2000.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file1
073.html#feature2
RLG DigiNews Vol 4: No 6
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Historical Digital Preservation for Museums : Recommendations
Au Yeung, Tim (Date Created: Oct 2004) (Canada)
This paper extends a section of a previous publication, Digital Preservation Best Practice for Museums. The document contains two main sections, action recommendations and broader recommendations. It also contains a checklist to help in the creation of digital preservation policies for museums.
http://www.chin.gc.ca/English/Digital_Content/Preservation_Recommendat
ions/index.html
Also available in PDF format via http://www.chin.gc.ca/English/Digital_Content/Preservation_Recommendations/pdf.html
Digital Preservation Group Vienna University of Technology Institute of Software Technology and Interactive Systems
(Regularly Updated) (Austria)
This site describes the activities of the Digital Preservation Group at Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Software Technology and Interactive Systems and their participation in a number of international projects.
http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/dp/
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Historical Digital Preservation in Practice : Workshop Summary
Weinberger, Ellis (Date Created: 31 May 2001)
A concise summary of the reason, contributing speakers, and main practical lessons, for digital preservation arising from the one day CEDARS workshop that took place at the University of London Computing Centre, 25 April 2001.
http://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20050111000000/http://www
.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/pubconf/papers/ulccnotes.html
in Digital Preservation in Practice : one-day workshop archived by UKWAC
Historical Digital Preservation in Practice: The e-Depot at the Koninklijke Bibliotheek
Oltmans, Erik; van Wijngaarden, Hilde (Date Created: Jan 2004) (Netherlands)
This article describes the Koninklijke Bibliotheek’s (KB – Netherlands’ National Library) partnership with IBM in relation to the long-term preservation of digital materials. Both parties have developed a standard-based deposit system called the e-Depot. This article not only provides an overview of the main functions of the e-Depot, but describes further developments by the KB/IBM team, including a preservation manager for the storage and use of technical metadata within the e-Deport and an access tool, the Universal Virtual Computer (UVC).
http://ninetta.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentTy
pe=Article&contentId=862527
Also available in PDF version and in VINE, Vol 34, No 1, 2004, pp. 21-26, ISSN 0305-5728 (Special Issue: Digital Preservation and Libraries. Part One).
Digital Preservation in the Context of Institutional Repositories
Hockx-Yu, Helen (Date Created: 2006) (United Kingdom)
This article discusses the issues and challenges of digital preservation facing institutional repositories. The author describes the JISC digital preservation strategy and key initiatives and presents two examples, SHERPA DP and PRESERV. The author concludes that digital preservation should be made part of the repository workflow so that it is fully integrated into the information management lifecycle and not regarded as a separate process.
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?Filename=Publ
ished/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/2800400304.html
Program: electronic library and information systems, Volume 40 Number 3 2006 pp. 232-243
Historical Digital Preservation of E-Prints
James, Hamish; Pinfield, Stephen In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Sep 2003)
The first part of this article discusses whether e-print repositories should preserve their contents as part of their service. The author maintains that filling e-print repositories and preserving their contents need not be mutually exclusive activities. Within this context, the technical and managerial challenges to the preservation of e-prints are discussed.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september03/pinfield/09pinfield.html
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Historical Digital Preservation of Moving Image Material?
Besser, Howard (Date Created: 2001)
This article, submitted to The Moving Image, Fall 2001, describes the digital technology induced changes occurring in the production and distribution processes of moving image material. The author indicates two paradigm shifts likely for moving image preservation: complete works vs asset management and the physical artifact vs content. General approaches to digital preservation and problems for moving image archivists are also discussed.
http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Papers/amia-longevity.html
Historical Digital Preservation of Scientific Information in Brazil : an Initial Approach of Existing Models
Arellano, Miguel Angel Mardero (Date Created: Jun 2004) (Brazil)
This brief paper is based on the results of a study from a doctoral dissertation at the University of Brasilia (Brazil). The study investigated how scientific information is being preserved and what kind of digital preservation strategies are in place in government institutions in Brazil. The data revealed that scientific information institutions lack standards related preservation activities and that the scientific data is being stored in databases that are proprietary in nature without digital preservation strategies in place.
http://eprints.rclis.org/archive/00002545/
8th ICCC International Conference of Electronic Publishing, Brasilia (Brazil), 23-26 June 2004
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Historical Digital Preservation Strategy
Davis, Simon (Date Created: Nov 2002) (Australia)
This presentation looks at the National Archives of Australia (NAA) Digital Preservation Policy, devised from its Agency to Researcher Digital Preservation Project. As well as touching on digital preservation problems such as obolesence and restriction on the use of proprietary technology, the article explores data formats used by the NAA as a means of providing digital preservation solutions. These include data formats developed by the NAA, such as dataset, emailmessage, webpackage and XML and Java-based tools, as well as dataformats already in existence, such as XHTML, Portable Network Graphics (PNG) and Open Office.
http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/49635/20050510-0000/www.naa.gov.au/recor
dkeeping/rkpubs/fora/02nov/digital_preservation.pdf
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Historical Digital Preservation Testbed White Paper : Emulation : Context and Current Status
Digital Preservation Testbed (Date Created: Jun 2003)
This paper provides a detailed analysis of emulation as a means of digital preservation. It includes information about the background, context and use of emulation in digital preservation as well as a summary of current knowledge and research. The analysis concludes that "emulation is the only solution to digital preservation proposed so far that offers a way of preserving a digital record in its original form". While recognising the need to resolve some significant issues, the analysis identifies the potential low cost of emulation, its universality and ability to preserve the inherent aspects of digital originals as factors recommending the pursuit of emulation as a preservation strategy.
http://www.digitaleduurzaamheid.nl/bibliotheek/docs/White_paper_emulat
ion_UK.pdf
Digital Preservation using the WARC file format
Kristiansen, Mads Alhof (Date Created: 30 Jul 2006) (Denmark)
This paper was prepared as a graduate student project in collaboration with the Danish Royal Library (Det Kongelige Bibliotek) and has been published as a technical paper at University of Copenhagen, Department of Computer Science. It considers the potential of WARC as an archival medium through small scale experiments testing the preservation strategies of migration, emulation and durable encoding using the case study of the Royal Library's Digital Object Management System.
ftp://ftp.diku.dk/diku/semantics/papers/D-548.pdf
Technical paper 2006 D-548, TOPPS, DIKU (Datalogisk Institut på Københavns Universitet)
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Historical Digital Preservation: The Australian Experience
Woodyard, Deborah (Date Created: Oct 2000) (Australia)
This paper, presented at the 3rd Digital Library Conference: Positioning the Fountain of Knowledge, discusses how and what is being digitally preserved in Australia. Current projects include standardizing metadata and preserving audio collections and electronic publications. Cooperative projects, such as PANDORA and PADI are two of the projects mentioned.
http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/dw001004.html
Historical Digital Reality II: Preserving our Electronic Heritage
NELINET (Date Created: 05 Jun 2000) (United States of America)
This page contains links to conference papers from a seminar held on Monday June 5, 2000 at John F. Kennedy Library, Boston MA which was co-sponsored by NELINET Preservation Advisory Center, John F. Kennedy Library and the Northeast Documentation Center.
http://web.archive.org/web/20071026114309/http://www.nelinet.net/edser
v/conf/digital/dr_2000/digital.htm
Site archived by the Internet Archive.
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Historical Digital Rosetta Stone: A Conceptual Model for Maintaining Long-term Access to Digital Documents
Heminger, Alan R.; Robertson, Steven B. (Date Created: 17 Jun 1998)
This document describes a method for digital preservation relying on keeping a "meta-knowledge archive" of how to interpret media formats and file formats to support data recovery and document reconstruction processes.
http://www.ercim.org/publication/ws-proceedings/DELOS6/rosetta.pdf
Digitization and the Preservation of Digital Data in German Museums
Witthaut, Dirk (Date Created: Apr 2006) (Germany)
This is a 7 page English summary of a 116 p. document originally published in German, "Digitalisierung und Erhalt von Digitalisaten" in deutschen Museen. It is part of a series of 7 digital preservation papers commissioned by nestor. Although the document is written from a German perspective, the issues and recommendations are of interest of the international digital preservation community.
http://www.langzeitarchivierung.de/downloads/mat/02_summary.pdf
nestor studies; 2
Historical Digitization As A Preservation Practice: Look Before You Leap
Maroso, Amy Lynn (Date Created: Dec 2003)
The author stresses that although a collection may be digitised, it does not automatically mean it has been preserved. Obsolescence and file migration are major issues that librarians need to consider if future generations are to have access to digital collections.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a902889349~db=all~ord
er=page
Available in The Serials Librarian, Vol. 45, No 2, December 2003, pp. 27-37, ISSN 0361-526X or online at http://haworthpress.com/store/E-Text/ViewLibraryEText.asp
Dioscuri: Emulator for Digital Preservation
van der Hoeven, Jeffery (Date Created: Dec 2007) (Netherlands)
This article in International Preservation News, briefly describes Dioscuri, a portable and flexible modular emulator developed jointly by the Koninklijke Bibliotheek and National Archief of the Netherlands which is available as open source software from http://dioscuri.sourceforge.net.
http://archive.ifla.org/VI/4/news/ipnn43.pdf
International Preservation News No. 43 December 2007
Historical DiVA Project : Development of an Electronic Publishing System
Andersson, Stefan; Hansson, Peter ; Klosa, Uwe; Muller, Eva In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Nov 2003) (Sweden)
This article describes the status of the DiVA (Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet) system developed at the Uppsala University in Sweden. It concentrates on publishing workflow, DiVA document format and solutions supporting long-term preservation such as persistent links. Future development plans are also discussed.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november03/muller/11muller.html
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Historical Domesday Redux: The Rescue of the BBC Domesday Project Videodiscs
Darlington, Jeffrey; Finney, Andy; Pearce, Adrian In: Ariadne (Date Created: 30 Jul 2003) (United Kingdom)
This article describes the re-engineering and recreation of the 1986 BBC Domesday Project to run on a modern Windows platform. The re-engineering project involved migration of image content from the original analogue videotapes used for the 1986 Project, decipherment of the data structures from the videodisc and recreation of the application within a new interface. This re-engineering approach differs from the CAMiLEON Project's emulation approach, which involved running the original application under an emulation of the BBC microcomputer, the 1986 Project's original platform. The article also includes a detailed history of the 1986 BBC Domesday Project.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue36/tna/intro.html
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Historical DPC Forum with Industry: Future R & D for Digital Asset Preservation
Digital Preservation Coalition (DPC) (Date Created: Jun 2002) (United Kingdom)
This web page provides links to a summary meeting report and presentations by speakers from both the public and private sectors, as presented at the Digital Preservation Coalition forum with industry, held at Prospect House, London on 5th June, 2002. Topics covered long-term trends and research and development issues for preservation and access to digital material in both government and industry.
http://www.dpconline.org/graphics/events/rdfuture.html
Draft DCC Approach to Digital Curation
Digital Curation Centre (Date Created: 27 Aug 2004) (United Kingdom)
This extensive document is a draft and is being continually updated. It features a detailed definition and discussion of the concept of digital curation, particularly as it is applied by the Digital Curation Centre (DCC). Also discussed is the OAIS Reference Model as the basis of Centre's digital curation approach. The document also identifies key services that the DCC can research, develop and supply to facilitate digital curation, including the creation of a Registry/Repository of Representation Information, including information about formats, software and standards.
http://www.dcc.ac.uk/docs/phase-1/DCCApproachtoDigitalCuration-2004082
7.pdf
Historical DVD Rot, or Not?
Labriola, Don (Date Created: 11 May 2004)
“DVD Rot”, a term used in media to indicate that DVD technology was self-destructive and thus very unstable, has been proven wrong by the industry. However, the industry has found that human handling of the technology poses a great risk to its longevity. This article discusses the DVD technology in detail as well as its proper handling and cleaning techniques. The article also includes a short interview with Rohan Byrnes on the topic.
http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,1590561,00.asp
in PC Magazine
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Historical E-Government and Digital Preservation
Dumortier, Jos (Date Created: May 2003)
This paper was presented at the Workshop on E-Government: Legal, Technical and Pedagogical Aspects at Albarracín (Spain), 8-10th May 2003. The paper discusses digital signatures within the context of digital archiving. Digital signatures are used to authenticate the originator and the integrity of information. The article discusses the long term validation of digital signatures and the implications of this for emulation and migration preservation strategies.
http://www.unizar.es/derecho/fyd/lefis/documentos/Albareccin_JosDumort
ier.pdf
Historical E-Journals - What Do You Get For Your Money?
Jones, Maggie (Date Created: Feb 2003) (United Kingdom)
This article focuses on the role of the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), UK, in relation to the issues and challenges of the long-term preservation and continued access of licensed e-journals. JISC has acknowledged the challenges that have emerged with licensed e-journals, particularly with regard to the differing roles and responsibilities of both libraries and publishers. To that end, the Committee has developed a JISC/Publishers Association (PA) Model Licence that seeks to explore such areas as continued online access and different archival options. Between September and November 2002, a JISC consultancy conducted a survey of libraries and publishers as a means of addressing this need for a more definitive role between libraries and publishers, as well as assessing options for a central archiving facility.
http://uksg.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0953-0460
&volume=16&issue=1&spage=27
Available online at uksg.metapress.com and in Serials for the International Serials Community, ISSN 0953-0460, Vol. 16, No. 1, March 2003, pp. 27-31
Historical E-Mail-XML Demonstrator: Technical Description
Testbed Digitale Bewaring (Date Created: Oct 2002) (Netherlands)
This report describes the prototype software developed by the Dutch Testbed Digitale Bewaring project in its investigations of the issues of long-term preservation of email messages. The solution is based on customisation of Microsoft Outlook to allow communication with a central server responsible for metadata collection, conversion and archiving of both messages and metadata in XML. The report is in PDF format.
http://www.digitaleduurzaamheid.nl/bibliotheek/docs/email-demo-en.pdf
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Historical E-Science Curation Report : Data Curation for E-Science in the UK : an Audit to Establish Requirements for Future Curation and Provision
Lord, Philip; Macdonald, Alison (Date Created: 2003) (United Kingdom)
This report, prepared for the JISC Committee for the Support of Research (JCSR), endeavours to establish the current provision and future requirements for curation of digital primary research data generated within e-science in the UK. The report consists of strategic and policy level recommendations. Questionnaires and interviews were used to ascertain current provisions for data curation, in areas including such as repositories, libraries, funding, costs, preservation, and standards.
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/e-ScienceReportFinal.pdf
Historical Echoes of Art : Emulation as a Preservation Strategy
Variable Media Network (Date Created: 08 May 2004)
This is the transcript of the conference held at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum on May 8, 2004.
http://www.variablemedia.net/e/echoes/index.html
Historical Electronic Information and Digitization: Preservation Security and Digital Content
Fleischhauer, Carl (Date Created: Apr 2003)
Set within the context of the Library of Congress, this article looks at the changing organisational structures of institutions dealing with digital preservation. Digital preservation, encompassing such areas as migration and emulation, has seen the need for a more collaborative approach to preservation, calling for a distribution of responsibilities and a greater need for strong computer science skills. The article also addresses the relationship between libraries and the "makers" of digital content, by highlighting the need for libraries to influence the developers of digital content to produce in a more preservable form.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a903396298~db=all~ord
er=page
In Journal of Library Administration,(ISSN 0193-0826),38, 3/4, 2003, pp. 141-147 and in the monograph, The Strategic Stewardship of Cultural Resources: To Preserve and Protect (ed: Andrea T. Merrill)
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Electronic Records, Problem Solved? : the Victorian Electronic Records Strategy and the Future of Electronic Record Keeping in Victoria
Gibbs, Ross; Heazlelwood, Justine (Date Created: 8 Jul 2000) (Australia)
This paper discusses the outcomes of the VERS project for the capture and long-term preservation of government records. A standard model for archiving electronic records is outlined, together with essential criteria for formatting documents for long-term access.
http://www.vala.org.au/vala2000/2000pdf/Gib_Hea.PDF
Historical Elephants and Dung Trucks
Poynder, Richard (Date Created: Sep 2003)
This article looks at the issues and challenges facing libraries in relation to digital preservation. It looks at a number of different international initiatives and projects developed as a means of finding long-term solutions for preserving digital material, most notably the digital preservation activities of the National Library of the Netherlands (Koninklijke Bibliotheek).
http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/parade/df04/elephants_and_dung.htm
Also available Information Today, Sep 2003, Vol 20, Issue 8, p 33, ISSN 8755-6286 and by subscription online at www.ebscohost.com/
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Historical Emerging Technologies for the Cultural and Scientific Heritage Sector
Dobreva, Milena; Donnelly, Martin; Ross, Seamus (Date Created: Feb 2004) (United Kingdom)
This report is a substantial (216 pages) annual report summarising the six technologies stated as having a major impact on cultural heritage projects. It is written at an intermediate level, and captures the basic technological issues , approaches by workers in the sector, with many interesting references to case studies from various organisations. Topics include XML and its family of technologies, virtual communities and collaborative technologies such as blogs.
ISBN: 92-894-5276-5
http://www.digicult.info/downloads/twr_2_2004_final.pdf
DigiCULT Technology Watch Report 2. Available in PDF at the DigiCULT website, also in hard copy ISBN 9289452765.
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Historical Emulation : C-ing Ahead
CAMiLEON Project; Holdsworth, David (Date Created: Dec 2000)
An initial draft paper by David Holdsworth advocating the use of widely available programming languages, such as C, in the implementation of emulation as a digital preservation technique.
http://web.archive.org/web/20030415142659/129.11.152.25/CAMiLEON/dh/ol
dcing.html
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Historical Emulation as a Digital Preservation Strategy
Granger, Stewart In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Oct 2000)
An article focusing on the logistics of using emulation as a digital preservation strategy when contrasted against other possible approaches and user requirements. Extensive analysis is undertaken of Jeff Rothenberg's advocacy of emulation over other preservation strategies. It discusses the potential advantages of emulation, such as elegance and recreation of " look and feel ", and the possible disadvantages including that emulation may be problematic due to the undefined nature of technological change and the complexity of creating emulator specifications. The conclusion is that emulation is not a complete digital preservation solution, rather a partial one.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/october00/granger/10granger.html
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Historical Emulation vs. Migration: Do Users Care?
Hedstrom, Margaret; Lampe, Clifford In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: Dec 2001)
This article describes the findings of a user needs analysis investigating emulation and migration as digital preservation strategies. Performed as part of the CAMiLEON project, users were asked to evaluate a game running on its original platform, in emulation and as a migrated version rewritten for a later platform. The findings suggest little difference between the approaches from a user perspective, but draw attention to user sensitivity and the usefulness of user needs analysis.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file1
628.html#feature1
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Historical Emulation, Preservation and Abstraction
CAMiLEON Project; Holdsworth, David; Wheatley, Paul (Date Created: 2000)
An article by David Holdsworth and Paul Wheatley outlining the advantages of emulation as a digital preservation strategy. The issues of longevity and affordability are stressed, and an example of emulation as applied to the George3 operating system is provided.
http://web.archive.org/web/20030608193653/129.11.152.25/CAMiLEON/dh/ep
5.html
Shorter version of paper available in RLG DigiNews, August 15, 2001: http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file1396.html#feature2
Historical Emulation: RISC's Secret Weapon
BYTE.com; Halfhill, Tom R. (Date Created: 15 Apr 1994)
This paper is a discussion of emulation technology in a commercial rather than a preservation context. The first section contains a general technical background about how emulation works. The article continues with a detailed discussion of emulation products available at the time (1994), mainly for emulation of contemporary machines on opposing platforms. The opinion is expressed that there are problematic issues associated with emulation such as slow speed but that it also has potential for future use.
http://web.archive.org/web/20040215150435/http://www.byte.com/art/9404
/sec8/art3.htm
Byte Special Report, April 1994
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Historical Ensuring the Longevity of Digital Information
Rothenberg, Jeff (Last Updated: 22 Feb 1999)
This paper is an expanded version of the article "Ensuring the Longevity of Digital Documents" that appeared in the January 1995 edition of Scientific American (Vol. 272, No. 1. pp 42-7). It discusses the fragility of digital material and strategies for preserving access.
http://www.clir.org/pubs/archives/ensuring.pdf
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Historical Ephemeral Will Endure : the Future of Conceptual Art and Digital Preservation
Sharp, Rebecca In: DigiCULT.Info Newsletter (Date Created: Aug 2002) (United States of America)
Based on an interview with Jon Ippolito, Co-ordinator of the Variable Media Initiative (VMI) at the Guggenheim Museum in New York, this article addresses the main components of the VMI. The initiative allows artists working with ephemeral media formats to collaborate with museum and media consultants to produce appropriate preservation strategies for their works. Through the use of an interactive questionnaire, artists specify “preservation and dissemination options according to the properties unique to their work”, thus further enabling this area of art history to be available to future generations.
http://www.digicult.info/downloads/digicult_info2.pdf
Historical ERPANET : a European Platform for Enabling Digital Preservation
Ross, Seamus (Date Created: 2004)
The Electronic Resource Preservation and Access Network (ERPANET), was established in 2001 and aims to improve the knowledge and practices of digital curation across European institutions. This article describes the work and services of ERPANET, including assessment and advisory services, workshops and seminars and case studies. ERPANET is collaborative in nature and examples of these activities are also included.
http://ninetta.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03055720410531022
Also available in PDF version and in VINE. Digital Preservation and Libraries, Part Two, Vol. 34, no. 2, 2004, pp. 77-83, ISSN O305-5728
Historical ERPANET Workshop - The Long Term Preservation of Databases : ERPANET Workshop Report
ERPANET (Electronic Resource Preservation and Access Network) (Date Created: Dec 2003) (Switzerland)
Report of the workshop held at the Swiss Federal Archives, Bern, April 9-11, 2003.
http://www.erpanet.org/events/2003/bern/Bern_Report_final.pdf
Historical ERPANET Workshop: XML as a Preservation Strategy - Papers
ERPANET (Date Created: 09 Oct 2002)
Presentations from the ERPANET Workshop of XML as a Preservation Strategy, held in Urbino, Italy, 9-11 October, 2002. Various experiences to date and potential roles for XML in preservation of digital information are covered.
http://www.erpanet.org/events/2002/urbino/index.php
Evaluating Preservation Strategies for Audio and Video Files
Pavuza, Franz ; Rauber, Andreas; Rauch, Carl; Strodl, Stephan (Date Created: May 2005)
This article describes the decision making workflow using Utility Analysis as a way of comparing, ranking and evaluating the various preservation strategies for audio and video files. Two case studies are used to illustrate the process. A more detailed discussion of Utility Analysis as it applies to digital preservation can be found at Preserving Digital Media : Towards a Preservation Solution Evaluation Metric.
http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~andi/publications/pdf/rau_digrep05.pdf
Proceedings of the DELOS Workshop on Digital Repositories: Interoperability and Common Services, May 11-13 2005, Heraklion, Greece.
Evaluating Strategies for the Preservation of Console Video Games
Becker, Christoph; Guttenbrunner, Mark; Kehrberg, Carmen; Rauber, Andreas (Date Created: 29 Sep 2008)
This paper given at iPRES 2008 (British Library Conference Centre, 29-30 Sept. 2008) discusses strategies for the digital preservation of console video games. The challenges of proprietary hardware, lack of documentation, variety of media and non standard controllers are considered. A case study using the PLANETS planning approach to evaluation of potential preservation strategies is presented.
http://www.bl.uk/ipres2008/presentations_day1/18_Guttenbrunner.pdf
Excuse Me : Some Digital Preservation Fallacies
Rusbridge, Chris In: Ariadne (Date Created: Feb 2006)
This article argues against several assumptions in digital preservation. These include that digital preservation is expensive, that file formats become obsolete quickly and that the preserved object must remain faithful to the original.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue46/rusbridge/
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Historical Experiment in Using Emulation to Preserve Digital Publications
Rothenberg, Jeff (Date Created: Apr 2000) (Netherlands)
This report presents the results of a preliminary investigation by the National Library of the Netherlands into the feasibility of using emulation as a means of preserving digital publications in accessible, authentic, and usable form within a deposit library.
http://nedlib.kb.nl/results/emulationpreservationreport.pdf
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EXtensible Past : The Relevance of the XML Data Format for Access to Historical Datasets and a Strategy for Digital Preservation
Kramer, Rutger; van Horik, René; van Nispen, Annelies In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Feb 2005) (Netherlands)
This article describes the 'X past' project undertaken by the Netherlands Historical Data Archive (NHDA) which was developed to investigate how OAI PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) can be used for long term access to historical datasets. The development of a prototype to investigate the practical considerations of whether XML can be used for long term preservation of datasets is also discussed.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february05/vannispen/02vannispen.html
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Historical Farewell my Floppy: a strategy for migration of digital information
Woodyard, Deborah (Last Updated: 29 Apr 1998) (Australia)
This paper describes a survey of National Library of Australia collection material stored on disk and reports on the practical aspects of migrating floppy disks to CD-R.
http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/valadw.html
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Historical Feasibility and Requirements Study On Preservation Of E-Prints: Report Commissioned by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC)
Anderson, Sheila; James, Hamish; Pinfield, Stephen; Ruusalepp, Raivo (Date Created: 29 Oct 2003) (United Kingdom)
Published by the Joint Information Systems Committee, this final report observes that while UK e-print repositories probably lack the research, tools and strategies for long-term preservation, e-prints do not present unique technical challenges for preservation. It describes the properties of e-prints and identifies areas that require further research, including e-print metadata, cost models and e-print file formats.
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/e-prints_report_final.pdf
Fedora : an Architecture for Complex Objects and Their Relationships
Lagoze, Carl ; Payette, Sandy; Shin, Edwin; Wilper, Chris (Date Created: 07 Mar 2005)
This is a draft of a submission to the Journal of Digital Libraries Special Issue on Complex Objects. The article begins by describing the features of the recently released version 2.0 of Fedora. The bulk of the paper describes in detail the Fedora architecture for representing complex digital objects, the digital object model, the components of the server architecture and the Fedora relationship model which provides a framework for describing, storing and querying relationships among the objects. The paper concludes with future plans for the Fedora Project.
http://www.arxiv.org/abs/cs.DL/0501012
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Historical Fedora Project : An Open-source Digital Object Repository Management System
Payette, Sandra; Staples, Thornton; Wayland, Ross In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Apr 2003) (United States of America)
The FEDORA (Flexible Extensible Digital Object and Repository Architecture) Project, comprises 3 phases, the first phase of which is aimed at developing version 1.0 of the system, described in this article. The article discusses the basic architectural model of Fedora, the software, key features and some preliminary features of phases II and III. Four case studies illustrating the various ways of implementing Fedora repositories are also included.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april03/staples/04staples.html
Historical File Formats for Preservation : Final Report
ERPANET (Electronic Resource Preservation and Access Network) (Date Created: May 2004) (Austria)
This is a report of the activities of the File Formats for Preservation Seminar at the Austrian National Library, 10-11 May 2004. Papers included information on a general and introductory level as well as papers dealing with specific areas including text, image and audiovisual formats.
http://www.erpanet.org/events/2004/vienna/Vienna_Report.pdf
Historical Final Cedars Workshop: A Report from Manchester, UK
Day, Michael In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: Apr 2002) (United Kingdom)
Michael Day reports on the final Cedars workshop, held at UMIST, Manchester, UK on 25-26 February 2002. The workshop's main purposes were to disseminate information on the Cedars project, put the work into a wider digital preservation context and consider future directions.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070519/viewer/file5
20.html#conference
Formal Analysis of Recovery in a Preservational Data Grid
Christensen, Niels H. (Date Created: Jun 2006) (Denmark)
This paper describes the processes of data recovery in the Netarkivet data grid. Netarkivet is the Danish national web archive. The mathematical model includes five recovery operations and scenarios are developed which illustrate the use of these operations.
http://netarchive.dk/publikationer/nhc-kb-dk-msst2006.pdf
Paper presented at the Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies, 15-18 May 2006
Foundation for Automatic Digital Preservation
Baptista, Ana Alice ; Ferreira, Miguel; Ramalho, José Carlos In: Ariadne (Date Created: Jul 2006)
This article proposes a service orientated architecture for automatic migration that will enable cultural heritage institutions to preserve collections of digital material with minimum human intervention.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue48/ferreira-et-al/
Generic XML Language for Characterising Objects to Support Digital Preservation
Becker, Christoph; Heydegger, Volker; Rauber, Andreas; Schnasse, Jan; Thaller, Manfred (Date Created: 20 Mar 2008)
This paper was presented at SAC’08 (March 16-20, 2008, Fortaleza, Cear´a, Brazil). It describes the development of languages and tools and the concept and features of the eXtensible Characterisation Languages (XCL) and their application to the evaluation of digital preservation solutions. These languages support the automatic validation of document conversions and the evaluation of migration quality by hierarchically decomposing a document and representing documents from different sources in an abstract XML language
http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~becker/pubs/becker_sac08.pdf
Going Digital: Issues in Digitisation for Public Libraries
EARL: The Consortium for Public Library Networking (Date Created: 6 Feb 2001) (United Kingdom)
An issue paper from EARL's Networked Services Policy Taskgroup, prepared by Neil Beagrie. The principal considerations for public libraries and related organisations in developing digitisation projects are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the life-cycle approach to record creation and the importance of sustaining access through effective preservation strategies.
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/public/earl/issuepapers/digitisation.htm
Got Data? A Guide to Data Preservation in the Information Age
Berman, Francine (Date Created: Dec 2008) (United States of America)
In this article subtitled 'Tools for surviving a data deluge to ensure your data will be there when you need it', the author discusses the need for cyberinfrastructure, trends in digital data creation and storage, the value and sustainability of models for cyberinfrastructure and provides the top 10 guidelines for data stewardship.
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1409376&jmp=abstract&coll=portal
&dl=ACM#abstract
Available in Communications of the ACM,ISSN:0001-0782 , Vol 5 Issue 12 (December 2008), pp 50-56 by subscription through ACM Portal and http://www.sdsc.edu/about/director/pubs/communications200812-Dat
Government Information in Legacy Formats: Scaling a Pilot Project to Enable Long-Term Access
Gano, Gretchen; Linden, Julie In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jul 2007) (United States of America)
This article describes a pilot project at Yale Library's Government Documents & Information Center to address and document the challenges of providing long term access to government information on CD-ROMS by migrating a sample set to a more stable server environment.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july07/linden/07linden.html
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Historical Handling File Formats
Clausen, Lars. R. (Date Created: May 2004) (Denmark)
This report describes a part of “Internetbevaringsprojektet” (the Internet preservation project), which is a joint project between Statsbiblioteket (The State Library) and Det Kongelige Bibliotek (The Royal Library) in Denmark. The aim of the project is to archive the Danish part of the Internet. As part of this project, this report specifically deals with strategies in handling file formats to ensure long term preservation and accessibility. Some of the main ways to preserve access to information stored as digital objects are discussed, including capture, sequential conversion to new formats, conversion on demand, emulation and hardware preservation. The report concludes with a suggested strategy for dealing with file formats in an archival system, file preservation workflows and general recommendations for handling file formats.
http://netarchive.dk/publikationer/FileFormats-2004.pdf
Historical How to Preserve Digital Art
Mayfield, Kendra (Date Created: 23 Jul 2002) (United States of America)
A news article providing an overview of the Archiving the Avant Garde project.
http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2002/07/53712
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Historical Il Retaggio Multimediale fra Hardware, Software e Politiche Culturali
Ridi, Riccardo (Date Created: May 1998)
In this article, Riccardo Ridi highlights the risks of media degradation and technological obsolescence of both software and hardware for digital material on physical media, and the risk of continuous change for networked material. Seven principles for dealing with these risks are proposed, including adoption of standard languages and software, creation of software, hardware and emulator libraries, preference for network distribution of digital publications and institution of a distributed digital archive for networked digital publications.
http://www.aib.it/aib/sezioni/veneto/ridi.htm
Historical Implementing Metadata in Digital Preservation Systems : the PREMIS Activity
Lavoie, Brian F. In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Apr 2004) (United States of America)
This article briefly discusses the current and future activities of the PREMIS project. The history and background to the development of PREMIS is also discussed.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april04/lavoie/04lavoie.html
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Historical Implementing Preservation Repositories for Digital Materials : Current Practice and Emerging Trends in the Cultural Heritage Community : a Report by the PREMIS Working Group
OCLC/RLG PREMIS Working Group (Date Created: Sep 2004)
PREMIS, an international working group jointly sponsored by OCLC and RLG, reports the findings of a survey focused on current implementations and preservation metadata management practices of digital preservation repositories. The survey was conducted between December 2003 and February 2004 and drew respondents from 48 libraries, archives and other institutions from Europe, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. The survey covered repository services, models and policies, as well as architecture, storage, preservation processes and metadata. The report summarises and analyses the range of responses and notes a number of trends emerging in practice.
http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/pmwg/surveyreport.pdf
Implementing Preservation Services over the Storage Resource Broker
Hunter, Jane; Kosovic, Douglas (Date Created: 30 Sep 2008)
This paper given at iPRES 2008 (British Library Conference Centre, 29-30 Sept. 2008) describes a testbed implementation of a set of preservation services (obsolescence detection, notification and migration) over a heterogenous distributed collection of objects stored in the San Diego Supercomputer Center's Storage Resource Broker. It also provides an evaluation of the performance and usability of the PresSRB prototype system using a case study of the Centre for Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Science at the University of Queensland who are using SRB for the storage and analysis of Landsat 5 satellite images in the ERDAS Imagine (.img) file format.
http://www.bl.uk/ipres2008/presentations_day2/29_Kosovic.pdf
Historical Implementing Preservation Strategies for Complex Multimedia Objects
Choudhury, Sharmin; Hunter, Jane (Date Created: Aug 2003)
This article focuses on appropriate preservation strategies for mixed-media digital objects. While the authors provide background information on different digital preservation strategies (such as emulation, migration and preservation metadata), the article is primarily based on case studies using three different examples of new media artworks. For each case study, the authors describe the artwork, highlight problems in preserving the particular objects and determine appropriate preservation strategies. Also included, is a description of the software tools which have been developed as a means of implementing such strategies
http://metadata.net/panic/Papers/ECDL2003_paper.pdf
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Historical Incentives to Preserve Digital Material : Roles, Scenarios and Economic Decision-Making
Lavoie, Brian F. (Date Created: Apr 2003)
"Economic issues are a principal component of the research agenda for digital preservation. Economics is, fundamentally, about incentives, so a study of the economics of digital preservation should begin with an examination of the incentives to preserve. Appropriate incentives are fundamental to the development of economically sustainable digital preservation activities. This white paper identifies the key decision-making roles in the digital preservation process, characterizes a core set of organizational models under which decision-makers might undertake digital preservation, and examines the implications of these models for the incentives to preserve digital materials."
http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/digipres/incentives-dp.pdf
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Historical Information Infrastructures for Digital Preservation : A One Day Workshop : Conference Presentations
6 Dec 2000
Research Libraries Group
Papers from digital preservation workshop.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/09/28/0000073852/viewer/file5
26.html
Historical Information Preservation : Changing Roles
Arp, Charles E.; Dickman, Joseph C. (Date Created: 2002)
This article discusses the long-term management of electronic records and the changing role of records managers, who must now ensure that preservation and accessiblity are planned when the record is created not when data is ready to be archived. The most important characteristics of records for long term preservation- reliability, authenticity and accessibility- are discussed. The long term management of electronic records is also discussed within the context of risk analysis.
http://www.arma.org/bookstore/productdetail.cfm?ProductID=1268
in, Information Management Journal (1535-2897), November/December, 2002 free online to members and small charge to non-members from ARMA bookstore.
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Historical Institutional Repositories in the Context of Digital Preservation
Wheatley, Paul (Date Created: Mar 2004)
This report focuses on the crucial digital preservation issues for institutional repositories, with view on implications on the design and development of repository software. The repository software of various institutions are compared and analysed as well as their different objectives regarding long-term preservation of data and/or collection policy. In addition, the requirements for effective preservation are outlined, including the preservation functions essential in a repository such as persistent identification, object characterisation, and support of object rendering. The report concludes with recommendations that specific requirements for digital repositories should be developed and that independent certification services ought to be established to evaluate how repositories meet these requirements.
http://www.dpconline.org/docs/DPCTWf4word.pdf
DPC Technology Watch Series Report, 04-02
Historical Institutional Repositories: Essential Infrastructure For Scholarship In The Digital Age
Lynch, Clifford A. (Date Created: Feb 2003) (United States of America)
In this article, the author addresses the strategic role of institutional repositories in universities as a means for advancing scholarship and preservation of scholarly works. Citing the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT) development of the DSpace institutional repository system as a model for universities for the future, the author also seeks to define institutional repositories; looks at their strategic importance for scholarship and higher education; addresses their relationship with networked information standards and infrastructure such as persistent identifiers, preservable file formats and rights documentation; and provides his views for future developments in this field.
http://www.arl.org/resources/pubs/br/br226/
In ARL Bimonthly Report, no. 226, February 2003, pp. 1-10
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Historical Integrating Metadata Schema Registries With Digital Preservation Systems To Support Interoperability: A Proposal
Day, Michael (Date Created: 2003)
A paper presented by Michael Day at the 2003 Dublin Core Conference in Seattle argued that metadata registries may assist in managing metadata in repositories and may also support the re-use and exchange of metadata and/or information packages. The paper describes the development of metadata schemas by national libraries, research initiatives, recordkeeping institutions and digitisation programs and notes that interoperability between these schemas is desirable. Day suggests that metadata registries may be a useful tool that provide authoritative information on schema and element specifications and inter-scheme mappings. They could possibly also support the re-use of metadata and the exchange of information packages between trusted repositories.
http://www.siderean.com/dc2003/101_paper38.pdf
An Intelligent Decision Support System for Digital Preservation
Baptista, Ana Alice; Ferreira, Miguel; Ramalho, José Carlos (Date Created: 17 May 2007) (Portugal)
This paper describes a Service Oriented Architecture based on web technologies which assists in the implementation of migration based preservation interventions. The proposed system is able to produce preservation metadata and can also be used for comparing file formats and evaluating the performance of conversion applications.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/x1q0n64176372125/
International Journal on Digital Libraries ISSN 1432-5012, Vol 6 No 4, July 2007 pp 295-304
Interactive Multimedia on CD-ROM: Experiments With Risk Assessment
Jimenez, Mona (Date Created: 01 Jul 2008) (United States of America)
This paper discusses collection and item level assessments of CD-ROMs, multimedia titles held in the Avery Fisher Center for Music and Media in the Elmer Holmes Bobst Library at New York University as part of the Moving Image Archiving and Preservation Program. Strategies discussed include viewing works in their native environments, grouping titles with similar preservation needs, dependencies of early multimedia, and development of appropriate preservation workflows.
http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla74/papers/084-Jimenez-en.pdf
World Library and Information Congress: 74th IFLA General Conference and Council, Quebec, 10-14 Aug 2008
Historical Invest to Save: Report and Recommendations of the NSF-DELOS Working Group on Digital Archiving and Preservation
Hedstrom, Margaret; Ross, Seamus (Date Created: 2003)
This report identifies research challenges, development opportunities and solutions for problems associated with the preservation of digital information. Consisting of six main areas, the report presents digital preservation challenges; looks at the benefits of long-term preservation; summarises a set of principles and assumptions to guide the research agenda; highlights the work to date within this field; discusses a research agenda, including emerging research; and addresses the need for additional areas of support.
http://eprints.erpanet.org/archive/00000048/01/Digitalarchiving.pdf
Invitational Workshop: Setting up Deposit Systems for Electronic Publications (DSEP) presentations, papers
NEDLIB (Date Created: Dec 2000)
http://nedlib.kb.nl/index.html
Presentations and papers from the workshop are available at the NEDLIB website.
Historical IRCAM Digital Sound Archive In Context
Donin, Nicolas; Fingerhut, Michael; Stiegler, Bernard In: DigiCULT.Info Newsletter (Date Created: Dec 2003) (France)
This article describes the digital sound archive at IRCAM (Institute de Recherche et de coordination acoustique/musique), an associate department of the Centre Pompidou in France. It looks at the emergence of IRCAM’s Multimedia Library and digital collections, describes its multimedia library system, including an overview of the steps undertaken to ensure digital preservation and access.
http://www.digicult.info/downloads/dc_info_issue6_december_20031.pdf
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Historical Issues and Approaches to Preservation Metadata
Day, Michael; UKOLN (Last Updated: 24 Feb 1999)
The creation and use of metadata is likely to become an important part of all digital preservation strategies whether they are based on hardware and software conservation, emulation or migration. The UK Cedars project aims to promote awareness of the importance of digital preservation, to produce strategic frameworks for digital collection management policies and to promote methods appropriate for long-term preservation - including the creation of appropriate metadata.
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/presentations/rlg-npo/warwick.html
also at: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/presentations/rlg-npo/warwick.html
JHOVE2 : a Next-Generation Architecture for Format-Aware Digital Object Preservation Formatting
Harvard University Library (Last Updated: 01 Jun 2006) (United States of America)
The paper discusses the scope of the JHOVE2 (JSTOR/Harvard Object Validation Environment) project proposal. This project will seek to retain existing JHOVE functionality and refactor the existing architecture, support enhancements, increase the range of supported formats, and develop modules for supporting key preservation processes. Input from the JHOVE user community will be sought as part of the design phase. The proposal was submitted by Harvard University, Portico, and Stanford University to the Library of Congress under the National Digital Information Infrastructure Preservation Program (NDIIPP) initiative.
http://hul.harvard.edu/jhove/JHOVE2-proposal.doc
Historical Joint NSF/JISC International Digital Libraries Initiative
Chris Rusbridge; Griffin, Stephen; Wiseman, Norman In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jun 1999)
This article describes the joint JISC (UK) and National Science Foundation (US) international digital libraries initiative. "The overall goals of the JISC/NSF program are to foster common approaches to shared problems, promote common standards, share expertise and experience and build on complementary organisational strengths and approaches in digital library research." Practical studies of the emulation strategy for digital preservation are planned as part of a collaborative effort involving the CEDARS project team and researchers at the University of Michigan with funding through the Joint NSF/JISC International Digital Libraries Initiative.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june99/06wiseman.html
JSTOR/Harvard Object Validation Environment (JHOVE)
Donnelly, Martin (Date Created: Mar 2006)
JHOVE is an open source framework for the identification, validation and characterisation of various file formats, including html. xml, gif, tiff, jpeg2000, and wave. The article looks at how formats are identified, validated and characterisated as well as system development, standards and legal factors. Also included are sample records.
http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resource/case-studies/jhove/jhove.pdf
DCC Case Studies and Interviews, ISSN 1749-8767
KB and Migration : Working Document
van Wijk, Caroline (Date Created: 07 Aug 2006) (Netherlands)
The project by the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB) to examine migration as a preservation strategy started in January 2006. This working document is part of this project. The document covers the e-Depot, including an example of the functional characterisation of an e-Depot article, and the possibilities and consequences of the use of migration at the KB.
http://www.kb.nl/hrd/dd/dd_projecten/KB%20and%20Migration.pdf
KB and Migration Test Plan
van Wijk, Caroline (Date Created: 08 Aug 2006) (Netherlands)
The migration project conducted by the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB) will examine migration as a preservation strategy. The one year project began in January 2006. This document outlines the scope and strategy of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek's (KB) migration project. It includes information on conversion tools, test cases and test files such as version migration, pdf to xml and word to xml.
http://www.kb.nl/hrd/dd/dd_projecten/KB%20and%20Migration%20Test%20Pla
n.pdf
KB e-Depot Digital Archiving Policy
Oltmans, Erik; van Wijngaarden, Hilde (Date Created: 2006) (Netherlands)
This paper discusses the Koninklijke Bibliotheek's policy and ambitions for digital archiving of electronic publications. It provides an overview of the KB's e-depot repository and the requirement and potential for collaboration.
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/07378830610715464
Also available in PDF and from Library Hi Tech ISSN 0737-8831 ; Volume: 24 Issue: 4; 2006 pp. 604-613
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Historical Last Page of the Internet : the Importance of Preserving the Dynamic Aspects of the Internet
Brugger, Niels (Date Created: Jun 2001)
This paper, presented at the Preserving the Present for the Future : Strategies for the Internet conference, discusses the complications involved in the preservation of the dynamic features of the internet, as identified by media scholar Niels Brugger.
http://www.deflink.dk/upload/doc_filer/doc_alle/1023_NBR.doc
From Legacy Documents to XML : a Conversion Framework
Chanod, Jean-Pierre; Chidlovskii, Boris; Dejean, Herve; Fambon, Olivier; Fuselier, Jerome; Jacquin, Thierry; Meunier, Jean-Luc (Date Created: Oct 2005)
Digital archives are often faced with large quantities of formats that are unsuitable for preservation. This is particularly the case in institutions that collect text-based documents for long-term preservation, yet lack influence on the publishing process. The authors of this paper have developed an approach to converting text-based formats - such as PDF or Microsoft Word - into XML. The approach aims to identify structural information in the conversion process and allows for semantic annotations.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/5xnqptg4hrdqmy3g/?p=92854330c8c041
1b8e5772deb4c9ef5e&pi=8
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3652/2005 - Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries: 9th European Conference, ECDL 2005, Vienna, Austria, Sept 18-23, 2005. Proceedings.pp 92-103
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Historical Legal Deposit of Digital Materials
Oltmans, Erik (Date Created: Jun 2003) (Netherlands)
This is the text of a paper delivered at the LIBER conference in Rome, June 2003. Using the Digital Information Archiving System (DIAS) developed jointly with IBM, the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB) implemented electronic deposit (the 'e-Depot') in 2002. This paper explains the fully operational e-Depot at the KB with a focus on the data flow of processing deposited digital publications and the management of long-term preservation aspects of the stored digital objects.
http://www.kb.nl/hrd/dd/dd_links_en_publicaties/publicaties/LIBER-Oltm
ans-input.doc
Library of Congress and National Science Foundation Announce Research Awards of $3 Million to Advance Digital Preservation
Library of Congress (Date Created: 04 May 2005) (United States of America)
This is a press release from the Library of Congress National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) and the National Science Foundation announcing the award to 11 university teams of a total of $3 million in grants to undertake research to support the long-term management of digital information. Funded projects include development of multi-terabyte repositories, management of large data sets, automated ingest, verification and metadata capture, and conversion to preservable formats.
http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2005/05-118.html
Lifecycle Information for E-literature : Full Report from the LIFE Project
Ayris, P.; McLeod, R.; Wheatley, P. (Date Created: Aug 2006) (United Kingdom)
The University College London (UCL) and the British Library (BL) have completed phase 1 of the LIFE project, a JISC funded project examining the costing of digital preservation activities. The LIFE Project developed a methodology for analysing and costing the elements of a digital object's lifecycle, including preservation. It then tested and refined this methodology by applying it to a number of case studies. These include Voluntary Deposit of e-materials at the BL, Web Archiving at the BL, and commercial eJournals at UCL. The report also includes the generic LIFE preservation model which is a tool for estimating the cost of various preservation activities. The report also identifies areas for future work
http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/archive/00001854/01/LifeProjMaster.pdf
Historical Linking Preservation Metadata and Collection Management Policies
Calanag, Maria Luisa; Sugimoto, Shigeo; Tabata, Koichi (Date Created: 2004)
This article focuses on the link between institutional policies and successful long term preservation of digital data. The study has found that in order to do this it is crucial to develop preservation guides that address the metadata granularity issues. The study highlighted a need for flexible approach when determining preservation metadata levels, since highly structured metadata can be set at a higher, collection level, while lower confidence in stability of digital data would require file level metadata. This approach leads to a concept of metadata encapsulated objects, which although representing primarily technical requirements, need also to be addressed at policy level in order to render successful preservation strategies.
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mcb/171/2004/00000023/00000002/a
rt00002
in Collection Building (0160-4953), Vol. 23, no. 2 (2004) pp 56-63.
Long Term Digital Preservation - An End User's Perspective
Doyle, Julie; Paquet, Eric; Viktor, Herna L. (Date Created: Oct 2007)
This paper given at ICDM'07 (The IEEE and ACM Second International Conference on Digital Information Management ,Lyon, France, October 28-31 2007) discusses the requirements of future end users of preserved digital documents. It presents a case study of an emulation framework to preserve 2D and 3D anthropometric data, testing of the emulation environment and evaluation using usability and authenticity criteria.
http://iit-iti.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/iit-publications-iti/docs/NRC-49840.pdf
NRC 49840, paper given at The IEEE and ACM Second International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDM’07). Lyon, France, October 28-31, 2007.
Long Term Digital Preservation - Preserving the Authenticity and Usability of 3D Data
Doyle, Julie; Paquet, Eric; Viktor, Herna L. (Date Created: 2008)
This article presents a framework for the long term preservation of 3D data which uses emulation as a preservation strategy with a metadata framework to ensure future users can access and use the preserved 3D objects.
http://iit-iti.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/iit-publications-iti/docs/NRC-50420.pdf
NRC 50420, Manuscript for International Journal of Digital Libraries, 2008.
Long-Term Accessibility of Packaged Digital Publications (NDL Research Report No. 6)
National Diet Library (Date Created: Mar 2006) (Japan)
This report details studies undertaken in 2003 and 2004 at the National Diet Library to investigate long term access and usability of CD Roms. The 2004 study evaluated emulation and migration tests.
http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/aboutus/preservation_02_01_2006.html
Historical Long-term archiving of digital documents : what efforts are being made in Germany?
Connertz, Thomas (Date Created: Jul 2003) (Germany)
This article provides an overview on the state of digital archiving and legal deposit in Germany. As this article is written from the perspective of a publisher, Thieme Publishing, it offers a different view on the technical, legal and practical difficulties in extending these existing arrangements to digital materials.
http://ninetta.ingentaselect.com/vl=3224230/cl=15/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/li
nker?ini=alpsp&reqidx=/cw/alpsp/09531513/v16n3/s9/p207
in Learned Publishing, Vol. 16, no. 3 (July 2003). pp. 207-211.
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Historical Long-Term Archiving of Digital Information
Lorie, Raymond A. (Date Created: 2000) Reviewed by: Project on Preservation of Digital Data
In the full IBM Research Report, available as a PDF file, Raymond A. Laurie, of the IBM Research Division, proposes strategies for maintaining accessibility to both archived data files and archived program behaviours, based on the use of a Universal Virtual Computer.
http://domino.watson.ibm.com/library/CyberDig.nsf/7d11afdf5c7cda948525
66de006b4127/be2a2b188544df2c8525690d00517082
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Long-Term Preservation of Authentic Electronic Records: Findings of the InterPARES Project
International Research on Permanent Authentic Records in Electronic Systems (InterPARES)
This page provides links to the findings of the first stage of the InterPARES project (International Research on Permanent Authentic Records in Electronic Systems) which ran from 1999 to 2001. As well as a description of the project, there are reports from the Task Forces investigating authenticity, selection, long-term preservation and policies, strategies and standards. Additional resources include a glossary, diagrams of the selection and preservation functions and a template for record analysis. The reports are in PDF format.
http://www.interpares.org/book/index.cfm
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Historical Long-Term Preservation of Digital Material - Building an Archive to Preserve Digital Cultural Heritage from the Internet
Aschenbrenner, Andreas (Date Created: Dec 2001) (Austria)
Submitted as a Diploma thesis, this report presents a detailed case study of the Austrian On-Line Archive and a prototype for automatic retrieval of interactive online documents. A review of long-term digital archiving initiatives, issues and proposed strategies in digital preservation are also included.
http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~aola/publications/thesis-ando/
Also available in PDF or gnu-zipped PostScript ( http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~aola/publications.html ).
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Historical Long-Term Preservation of Electronic Publications: the NEDLIB Project
Titia van der Werf-Davelaar, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The National Library of the Netherlands In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Sep 1999)
This article describes the NEDLIB project and explains how it is developing a deposit system for electronic publications (DSEP) on the basis of the OAIS model. Metadata for preservation and emulation experiments are also discussed.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september99/vanderwerf/09vanderwerf.html
Historical Long-Term Preservation of Electronic Theses and Dissertations
Liegmann, Hans (Date Created: May 2003) (Germany)
This paper describes Die Deutsche Bibliotek's voluntary deposit system for ETDs (electronic theses and dissertations) using NEDLIB's process model and incorporating the Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS). Issues discussed include preservation metadata, submission and transfer processes for ETDs and trusted digital repositories.
http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/etd2003/liegmann-hans/HTML/index.html
Long-Term Preservation of Electronic Theses and Dissertations: A Case Study in Preservation Planning
Becker, Christoph; Strodl, Stephan; Neumayer, Robert; Rauber, Andreas; Nicchiarelli Betelli, Eleonora; Kaiser, Max (Date Created: 17 Oct 2007) (Austria)
This paper presented at RCDL2007 (Ninth Russian National Research Conference, 15-18 October 2007, Pereslavl, Russia) analyses the performance of various preservation strategies for the preservation of masters theses and dissertations using the PLANETS project approach, for the Austrian National Library.
http://rcdl2007.pereslavl.ru/papers/paper_22_v2.pdf
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Historical Longevity of Electronic Art
Besser, Howard (Date Created: Feb 2001)
This paper, submitted to the International Cultural Heritage Informatics Meeting, 2001, highlights the problems in preserving electronic art. It describes the approaches to preserving electronic resources in general, notes the special characteristics of electronic artworks that pose challenges for preservation and proposes practical strategies for preserving electronic art.
http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Papers/elect-art-longevity.html
Historical Lost in Cyberspace : the BBC Domesday Project and the Challenge of Digital Preservation
Brown, Douglas (Date Created: Jun 2003) (United Kingdom)
This article gives an overview of the BBC Domesday project. Key concepts and terms are linked to a glossary and key citations are linked to abstracts and web sites.
http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/cyber/overview.php
Cambridge Scientific Abstracts Hot Topics series
Historical Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe as a Cooperative Archiving Solution for E-Journals
Reich, Victoria A. In: Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship (Date Created: 2002)
This article describes the LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keeps Stuff Safe) model for a peer-to-peer network of persistent web caches to archive, preserve and make accessible local electronic collections. The author examines the appeal of this model for libraries and publishers and the actions required by these communities to implement the model. The author also provides an overview of the LOCKSS technology and its key concepts including: preserving the presentation form of web content rather than source databases; maintaining accessibility from the original publisher's URL; and the use of low demand system administrations requirements coupled with cooperative damage detection and repair.
http://www.istl.org/02-fall/article1.html
Historical Memories for Life : Managing Information Over a Human Lifetime
Fitzgibbon, Andrew; Reiter, Ehud (Date Created: 22 May 2003)
This document is based on one of the themes proposed by the UKCRC (UK Computing Research Committee’s) Grand Challenges in Computing workshop held in 2003. The document covers a broad range of digital preservation themes and applies them to future computing scenarios. Exemplars are used to illustrate issues such as how data could be interpreted and used in the future and how data could be protected over time.
http://www.nesc.ac.uk/esi/events/Grand_Challenges/proposals/Memories.p
df
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Historical Metadata for Digital Preservation : An Update
Day, Michael In: Ariadne (Date Created: 21 Dec 1999)
In this article, Michael Day reviews recent activities related to the development of metadata schemes for digital preservation. He outlines the emulation and migration-based strategies for digital preservation and the role that preservation metadata is poised to play in both these approaches. He reviews both library and archives-based initiatives in this area. He describes the OAIS model and its implications for the development of preservation metadata.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue22/metadata/
In Ariadne, Issue 22
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Historical Metadata for Preservation : CEDARS Project Document AIW01
Day, Michael In: Cedars : Curl Exemplars in Digital Archives Project (Last Updated: 3 Aug 1998) (United Kingdom)
This report is a review of metadata formats and initiatives in the area of digital preservation. It supplements the DESIRE Review of metadata (Dempsey et al. 1997). It is based on a literature review and information derived from a number of workshops.
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/metadata/cedars/AIW01.html
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Historical Metadata to Support Data Quality and Longevity
Rothenberg, Jeff (Last Updated: 3 Jun 1996)
This paper discusses two key needs for metadata: to support data quality and to ensure the longevity of data. In the latter category, the need for encapsulation with metadata which will enable future emulation is discussed.
http://web.archive.org/web/20040727082521/http://www.computer.org/conf
erences/meta96/rothenberg_paper/ieee.data-quality.html
Historical Migrating Records From Proprietary Software to RTF, HTML and XML
Reuben, Elizabeth (Date Created: Jun 2003) (Australia)
This article describes a digital preservation project at the Australian Department of Family and Community Services. The Department's Guides to Social Security Law had to be extracted from the its proprietary software format, Epublish, then the data had to be migrated to other formats that would increase accessibility and enable preservation of the guides. Topics covered include data conversion, testing, metadata schemes and archival formats.
http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/jun03/reuben.shtml
in Computers in Libraries, (ISSN 1041-7915) Vol. 23, no. 6, June 2003, p30-33
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Historical Migration : a CAMiLEON discussion paper
CAMiLEON Project; Wheatley, Paul In: Ariadne (Date Created: 02 Oct 2000)
A paper by Paul Wheatley considering the different options for migration as a digital preservation technique.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue29/camileon/
Also available from University of Leeds website: http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~issprw/camileon/migration.htm
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Historical Migration On Request : A Practical Technique for Preservation
Mellor, Phil; Sergeant, Derek; Wheatley, Paul (Date Created: Sep 2002)
This paper proposes "Migration On Request" as an alternative to the traditional view of format migration. The concept shifts the burden of preservation to a single tool, which must be preserved over time. The paper discusses the design, construction and testing of a software tool for On-Request migration of a digital drawing format.
http://www.si.umich.edu/CAMILEON/reports/migreq.pdf
Migration Performance for Legacy Data Access
Brown, Geoffrey; Woods, Kam (Date Created: Sep 2008) (United States of America)
This article focuses on the in-depth analysis of file migration data gathered from testing software on 1,885 CD-ROMS and DVDs in a collection of legacy media distributed by the USGPO under the Federal Depository Library Program. Also included is an overview of the software systems architecture.
http://www.ijdc.net/ijdc/article/view/88/106
International Journal of Digital Curation, Vol 3 No 2 (2008) pp 74- 88
Mind the Gap : Assessing Digital Preservation Needs in the UK
Sharpe, Robert; Waller, Martin (Date Created: Feb 2006) (United Kingdom)
This extensive report uses information gathered from surveys and interviews as well as existing sources of information to reveal a digital preservation 'state of the nation' . The survey covered many types of institutions including government, financial, scientific as well as archives and libraries. The report identifies the current state of practice, UK digital preservation needs and recommendations.
http://www.dpconline.org/docs/reports/uknamindthegap.pdf
Mind the Gap : Digital Preservation Needs in the UK
Jones, Maggie; Semple, Najla In: Ariadne (Date Created: Jul 2006) (United Kingdom)
This article describes the background and outcomes of the UK Needs Assessment undertaken by the Digital Preservation Coalition (DPC) and the resulting Mind the Gap report.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue48/semple-jones/
Mitigating Risk of Data Loss in Preservation Environments
Chadduck, Robert ; JaJa, Joseph F. ; Moore, Reagan W. (Date Created: Apr 2005) (United States of America)
This paper describes approaches to minimise the risk of data loss and to preserve authenticity and integrity within a preservation environment. It describes Grid Bricks and Data Grids and uses the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) research prototype persistent archive as an example of how they are used.
http://storageconference.org//2005/papers/04_moorer_risk.pdf
Modular Emulation as a Long-term Preservation Strategy for Digital Objects
Van Wijngaarden, H.; Van der Hoeven, J (Date Created: 2005)
This paper describes the modular emulation model, which extends the concept of the Universal Virtual Computer (UVC) and involves emulating specific hardware components in software as separate modules, which can then be combined in a number of ways to emulate various target systems and configurations. The modules would be loaded and managed by a 'controller' and would run within a Universal Virtual Machine environment.
http://www.iwaw.net/05/papers/iwaw05-hoeven.pdf
Paper presented at the 5th International Web Archving Workshop (IWAW05)
Modular Emulation as a Viable Preservation Strategy
van Wijngaarden, Hilde; van der Hoeven, Jeffrey (Date Created: Oct 2005) (Netherlands)
Description from abstract - Emulation is the only strategy to ensure long-term access to digital objects in their original environment. The National Library of the Netherlands (KB) and the Nationaal Archief of the Netherlands believe that emulation-based preservation is worth developing and has to be tested. This short paper proposes a new model for emulation called modular emulation that will allow us to develop a working prototype for the rendering of digital objects in the future.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/1xclv3dvf9petwrm/?p=e1c8121c09dc47
46a51b164866bd9e10&pi=46
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3652/2005 - Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries: 9th European Conference, ECDL 2005, Vienna, Austria, Sept 18-23. Proceedings.
Moving Beyond Manual Media Migration
Lindner, James; Rosner, Gilad (Date Created: 14 Feb 2005)
This white paper discusses movement away from manual methods of migration for magnetic tape.
http://www.media-matters.net/docs/WhitePapers/Moving%20Beyond.pdf
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Historical Moving Frontier : Archiving, Preservation and Tomorrow's Digital Heritage
Berthon, Hilary; Webb, Colin (Date Created: Feb 2000) (Australia)
This paper reviews international progress in digital archiving and preservation over the past one to two years. There have been developments in international collaboration, many archiving models are being tested, active work on a range of facilitating issues, and an ongoing debate over the most appropriate preservation strategies. A growing trend noted is the ongoing commitment of sharing information, for example, the redevelopment of the PADI website.
http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/hberthon2.html
PDFalso available from http://www.vala.org.au/vala2000/2000pdf/Ber_Web.PDF
Historical Museums Seek Methods for Preserving Digital Art
Carlson, Scott (Date Created: 28 May 2002)
A short news article of an interview with Mark Tribe about the Archiving the Avant Garde project, that seeks to establish a set of guidelines for preservation of digital works of art.
http://web.archive.org/web/20021019023416/chronicle.com/free/2002/05/2
002052802t.htm
Historical Myth of Doomed Data
Garfinkel, Simson (Date Created: Dec 2003)
This article attempts to debunk the idea that digital files and formats are in danger of becoming inaccessible. The author maintains that the digital files created today will be available in the long term because the technology already exists and as long as it distributed widely throughout society, access will be enabled. The author also argues that optical storage media has become a more stable format and that backwards media compatibility will need to be built into new generation machines for commercial viability. He also predicts that PDF and JPEG will be decipherable in the future because these formats are "well defined and widely understood", as well as noting the concept of a 'digital lock box', which would store and retrieve data in obsolete formats, as being worthy of government and industry support.
http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/13419/?a=f
in Technology Review, December 3, 2003
Historical National Archive of Datasets
Darlington, Jeffrey In: Ariadne (Date Created: 30 Apr 2004) (United Kingdom)
This article describes The National Archives (United Kingdom) development of a national collection of datasets titled National Digital Archive of Datasets (NDAD) with intention to preserve it permanently. Datasets are safe-kept on a high-capacity automated tape library system. Each dataset is stored in a simple linear format based on open standards with forward migration of standards assured. More complex historic datasets were converted to the NDAD standard preservation format.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue39/ndad/
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Historical National Archives Green Paper : An Approach to the Preservation of Digital Records
Davis, Simon; Heslop, Helen; Wilson, Andrew (Date Created: Dec 2002) (Australia)
This paper discusses the National Archives approach to digital preservation, specifically in relation to the Agency to Researcher Digital Preservation Project. Areas covered include the fundamental nature of digital records, problems of digital preservation, approaches to preservation such as migration and emulation and XML as an archival data format.
http://www.naa.gov.au/Images/An-approach-Green-Paper_tcm2-888.pdf
Available as PDF from this URL
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Historical National Digital Preservation Initiatives: An Overview of Developments in Australia, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom and of Related International Activity
Beagrie, Neil (Date Created: Apr 2003)
This report, copublished by CLIR and the Library of Congress, examines national and international preservation initiatives in Australia, France, Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Although the report focuses on libraries, other organisations are also examined. The information was gathered over January and February 2002 by interviews, questionnaires and research. The report identifies underlying trends influencing preservation worldwide and includes several recommendations from national libraries to the NDIIPP.
ISBN: 1932326006
http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub116abst.html
Available online as full text or .pdf, or for purchase in print
Historical National Library of New Zealand - Digital Library Development Review
Ross, Seamus (Date Created: 01 Jul 2003) (New Zealand)
The National Library of New Zealand Act 2003 requires the Library to “collect, preserve and make available New Zealand’s electronic documents”. This report, produced in response to the Act, seeks to identify and recommend areas of digital library development, so that the Library can satisfactorily fulfil its statutory responsibilities. Included in the report are areas addressing the need for the establishment of a digital repository for the long-term preservation of materials, and recommendations for the Library to use its role in supporting other libraries in the areas of digital preservation.
http://www.natlib.govt.nz/files/ross_report.pdf
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Historical National Library of the Netherlands and Elsevier Science Make Digital Preservation History: Permanent Digital Archive Assures Perpetual Accessibility of Scientific Heritage
Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB) (Date Created: 20 Aug 2002) (Netherlands)
A press release announcing the agreement between the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB) and Elsevier Science. The KB is to be the first official digital archive for Elsevier Science journals and will receive digital copies of approximately 1,500 journals covering all areas of science, technology and medicine for deposit into the KB's E-Deposit system. The agreement allows the KB to provide access to the archived journals within the Library, with extension to remote access should Elsevier or its successor ever cease providing the journals online.
http://www.kb.nl/hrd/dd/dd_links_en_publicaties/publicaties/eskb-press
release7_20aug02_def.pdf
The press release is available in Dutch at http://www.kb.nl/kb/resources/frameset_kb.html?/kb/pr/pers/pers2002/elsevier.html
Historical New Model Scholarship : How will it survive?
Smith, Abby (Date Created: Mar 2003)
This CLIR report (55 p.) discusses the issues in preserving digital scholarly resources. 'New model scholarship' is defined as those resources that are born digital, such as web sites, that will be of use to future researchers. The report looks at organisational approaches to preserving digital content and includes, as appendices, a review of organisational models for digital archiving and a survey of current research, practices and understanding of digital preservation in the United States.
ISBN: 1887334998
http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub114abst.html
Available online as full text or PDF, or for purchase in print
Historical New York Public Library Archiving Performing Arts Electronic Resources: A Planning Project - Report to the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Mellon Electronic Journal Archiving Program
New York Public Library (Date Created: 31 Jul 2002) (United Kingdom)
Based on a project undertaken by the New York Public Library as part of the Mellon Electronic Journal Archiving Program, this article describes the avenues taken by the Library in investigating the establishment of a repository for archived electronic resources in the performing arts. It highlights the two main areas of the project’s investigation – content development and an overview of the implementation of a new electronic archive based on the OAIS model.
http://www.diglib.org/preserve/nyplfinal.pdf
Also available in Archiving Electronic Journals: Research Funded by the Andrew W Mellon Foundation, edited and introduced by Linda Cantara, Indiana University
Historical Open Archival Information System Reference Model: Introductory Guide
Lavoie, Brian F (Date Created: Jan 2004)
This article provides an overview of the background, origins, functions and developments of the OAIS (Open Archival Information System) Reference Model. As stated by the author, "The OAIS reference model is a conceptualization of the environment, functional components and information objects associated with a system designed to effect the long-term preservation of digital materials". The article also lists the main responsibilities of an OAIS-type archive and provides examples of digital archiving systems that are OAIS-compliant.
http://www.dpconline.org/docs/lavoie_OAIS.pdf
Is part of the DPC (Digital Preservation Coalition) Technology Watch Series
Historical Opportunities For Research Libraries In The NSF Cyberinfrastructure Program
Messerschmitt, David G. (Date Created: Aug 2003) (United States of America)
This article explores the Advanced Cyberinfrastructure Program (ACP) that has been developed by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Blue-Ribbon Advisory Panel in the United States. As well as providing an overview of the area of digital science, the author looks at the core elements of the ACP, which includes shared IT resources and services for the digital science community, shared disciplinary data/software repositories, as well as the long-term preservation of data.
http://www.arl.org/resources/pubs/br/br229/
In ARL Bimonthly Report, no 229, August 2003, pp.1-7
Historical Overcoming the Dangers of Technological Obsolescence : Rescuing the BBC Domesday Project
Abbott, Daisy In: DigiCULT.Info Newsletter (Date Created: Aug 2003)
This article briefly describes the original 1986 BBC Domesday Project and the efforts to rescue it from technological obsolescence. Two rescue projects are noted, using the alternative strategies of emulation, as investigated by the CAMiLEON Project, and the construction of a new application. There is also an interview with Paul Wheatley from the CAMiLEON Project on the techniques and challenges of emulating obsolete software, using Domesday to illustrate the issues.
http://www.digicult.info/downloads/digicult_newsletter_issue4_lowres.p
df
Historical PADI (Preserving Access to Digital Information) and Safekeeping
Hanley, Marian (Date Created: Feb 2004) (Australia)
This report looks at the National Library of Australia’s (NLA) Safekeeping Project; a project that has evolved from the Preserving Access to Digital Information (PADI) initiative. The PADI website is a subject gateway to international digital preservation resources and its Safekeeping Project aims to identify, select and archive the most important of these resources, thus ensuring their long-term availability. An explanation of PANDAS, the NLA’s in-house web archiving system used to archive the Safekept resources, is also discussed.
http://library.cern.ch/HEPLW/9/papers/2/
Available in High Energy Physics Libraries Webzine, Issue 9, March 2004, ISSN 1424-2729
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Historical Paradigma Project
van Nuys, Carol In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Apr 2003) (Norway)
Project Paradigma is designed to collect and preserve Norway's digital cultural heritage. The Project began in August 2001 and is scheduled to end in December 2004. Its goals are to develop and establish routines for the selection, collection, description, identification, and storage of all types of digital documents and to give users access to these publications in compliance with the Legal Deposit Act. The article provides an overview of the Project, including selection criteria, legal and technical issues. The article also provides a background of legal deposit in Norway, especially in regard to digital publications.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file1
651.html#feature2
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Historical Part of Our Culture is Born Digital : On Efforts to Preserve it for Future Generations
Aschenbrenner, Andreas ; Rauber, Andreas (Date Created: Jun 2001) (Austria)
This English version of a paper presented at the 'Knowledge Networking in Cultural Studies' conference in May 2001, examines the challenges for the long-term preservation of digital cultural heritage. The authors discuss some of the main technical issues involved in archiving the Internet, and evaluate possible solutions such as emulation and migration of data. The paper concludes with a report on the AOLA pilot project to create an Austrian On-Line Archive.
http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/%7Eaola/publications/trans10.html
Published in Trans - Internet-Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaften, 10. Nr. / Juni 2001
Historical PDF-A : a New Digital Preservation Format
LeFurgy, William G. (Date Created: May 2003) (United States of America)
Since 2002, a committee of government, business, and academic representatives has been exploring an approach to long-term preservation of text-based digital documents and working to establish an archival standard for Adobe’s Portable Document Format (PDF). Known as PDF-A, the potential standard intends to specify a limited, stable subset of PDF that must remain valid for a number of years. PDF-A is designed to meet three basic requirements: the needs of document producers, document users and archivists, while excluding features that hinder archival viability. The committee is sponsored by the Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM) and The Association for Suppliers of Printing, Publishing and Converting Technologies (NPES).
http://www.archivists.org/saagroups/gov/newsletters/May2003.asp#digita
l
in Government Record News : the newsletter of the Government Records Section of the Society of American Archivists, May/June 2003
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PDF/A: Developing a File Format for Long-Term Preservation
LeFurgy, William G In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Dec 2003) (United States of America)
This article looks at current developments in the USA into the long-term preservation of text-based digital documents. A working group has prepared a draft preservation standard for Adobe�s Portable Format Document (PDF). Known as PDF/A, the standard �intends to specify the use of PDF in a manner that is specifically geared to long-term management and use. PDF/A would be ideally suited for documents whose content and appearance must remain stable over long periods of time�.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file1
491.html#feature1
Historical Perils of Digital Preservation
Ford, Piers (Date Created: 10 Jan 2003)
In this news article the author uses the example of the BBC's Domesday Project to illustrate the costs, software and hardware issues and rights management problems of a digital preservation project. He suggests that it is problematic and inefficient to preserve retrospectively and that digital preservation planning and strategies should be incorporated into the overall management of the data from its creation onwards.
http://www.vnunet.com/features/1137956
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Historical Permanent Access Technology for the Virtual Heritage : the Endeavour for Continuous Rendering
van der Hoeven, Jeffrey (Date Created: May 2004)
This research report focuses on the preservation of static digital objects on a primarily technical level. It does not include internet content or software applications. Within this context, the report discusses digital preservation strategies and issues such as encapsulation, migration, the Universal Virtual Computer (UVC) and XML. International digital preservation initiatives such as PREMIS, Cedars, InterPARES and DARE are also discussed.
http://jeffrey.famvdhoeven.nl/dd/Researchtask%20IBM%20TU%20Delft%20-%2
0J.R.%20van%20der%20Hoeven.pdf
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Historical Permanent Archiving of Electronic Publications : Research & Practice
Steenbakkers, Johan F. (Date Created: 2003) (Netherlands)
This paper discusses strategies implemented by the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB, national library of the Netherlands) to permanently archive scientific digital research material. In order to enable long-term preservation of electronic publications in general KB has developed an electronic deposit, ‘e-Depot’, and in order to be able to legally access and copy scientific material the Library has signed archiving agreements with major science publishers. Although the e-Depot had addressed the preservation concerns, permanent access to the stored information has remained an issue and is currently being addressed by ’Permanent Access Toolbox for the digital Cultural Heritage’ (PATCH) initiative, comprising of various depository and archiving institutions, as well as companies interested in cooperative approach.
http://www.kb.nl/hrd/dd/dd_links_en_publicaties/publicaties/summerscho
olticer2003.pdf
Paper presented at the International Summer School on the Digital Library 2003, Course 3 - Libraries, Electronic Resources and Electronic Publishing
Historical Pixel Rosetta Stone: Packings and Colorspaces
Pirazzi, Chris (Last Updated: 6 Aug 1998)
This site is an example of how bytes and pixels can be described to provide a method of interpreting a bit stream of video on Silicon Graphics machines.
http://www.lurkertech.com/lg/packings/
Available from the SGI Lurkers Guide to video.
New Planning an Effective Digital Curation & Preservation Strategy for a Research Organization
van Deventer, Martie; vd Merwe, Adele (Date Created: May 2009) (South Africa)
This paper given at African Digital Scholarship & Curation 2009 conference (12-14 May 2009, Pretoria South Africa), provides background to the development of a curation and digital preservation strategy for the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in Pretoria in the context of international developments.
http://www.ais.up.ac.za/digi/docs/avdmerwe_paper.pdf
Historical Practical Experiences of the Dutch Digital Preservation Test-Bed
Slats, Jacqueline; Verdegem, Remco (Date Created: 2004) (Netherlands)
The Testbed is an experimental research project undertaken by Dutch government to ensure long-term preservation of archival records. In this article the Testbed's focus on four document types (text documents, emails, spreadsheets and databases) using three preservation approaches (migration, emulation and XML) is described. The research methodology is discussed and results are examined for the four record types.
http://oberon.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03055720410531004
Also available in pdf version and in VINE . Digital Preservation and Libraries, Part Two, Vol. 34, no. 2, 2004, pp. 56-65. ISSN 0305-5728.
Historical PREMIS : Preservation Metadata - Implementation Strategies Update 1: Implementing Preservation Repositories for Digital Materials: Current Practice and Emerging Trends in the Cultural Heritage Community
Caplan, Priscilla In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Oct 2004)
This article, the first of a series, reports on the PREMIS survey Implementing Preservation Repositories for Digital Materials : Current Practice and Emerging Trends in the Cultural Heritage Community : a Report by the PREMIS Working Group. This is a survey of cultural heritage institutions who are developing or planning a preservation repository. General observations are made of some of the results such as metadata practices and the need for metadata standards. Proposed future activies of PREMIS are also canvassed.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file1
195.html#article2
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Historical Preservation 2000 : An International Conference on the Preservation and Long Term Accessibility of Digital Materials : Conference Papers
Research Libraries Group (Date Created: Dec 2000)
Proceedings of the Preservation 2000 conference.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/09/28/0000073852/viewer/file5
26.html
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Historical Preservation 2000: Review
Michael Day In: Ariadne (Date Created: Dec 2000)
This paper is a review of the Preservation 2000 conference and the Information Infrastructures for Digital Information workshop held in York, UK in December 2000.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue26/metadata/
Preservation and Management Strategies for Exceptionally Large Data Formats: 'Big Data'. EH Project No. 3984. Final 1.03.
Austin, Tony; Mitcham, Jenny (Date Created: 28 Sep 2007) (United Kingdom)
This is the final report of a project looking at the preservation and management strategies for large data sets such as those produced in archaeological research including LIDAR, 3D Laser Scanning, Maritime Survey and Digital Video produced during archaeological surveys.Suitability for long term preservation of such data formats is considered.
http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/project/bigdata/final_report/bigdata_final_repor
t_1.3.pdf
Historical Preservation Functionality in a Digital Archive
Oltmans, Erik; van Diessen, Raymond; van Wijngaarden, Hilde (Date Created: 2004) (Netherlands)
This paper describes the design, rationale and use of the Preservation Manager, a component of the e-Depot digital archiving system at the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, the National Library of the Netherlands. The function of the Preservation Manager is to define and manage the technical environments needed to support digital resources stored in the e-Depot.
http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/996350.996416
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=996350.996416&coll=portal&dl=ACM
&
type=series&idx=996350&part=Proceedings&WantType=Proceedings&titl
e=International%20Conference%20on%20Digital%20Libraries
Paper presented at the International Conference on Digital Libraries, 2004. Full text available via subscription from the ACM Portal - http://portal.acm.org/portal.cfm?CFID=26225830&CFTOKEN=69467023
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Historical Preservation issues for optical/electronic media
Ditzler, Carol (Last Updated: 3 Oct 1994)
This detailed and practical report called "The Electronic Information Initiative : Phase 1 Final Report" (our link is directly to the chapter on optical media) by the US National Agricultural Library sets forth findings and recommendations regarding the preservation of optical media and associated electronic media. The main body of this report is organised around eight topics: Preservation strategy; Processing; Storage; User access; Licensing and copyright; Cooperative agreements; Disk production; and Security.
http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.nalusda.gov/services_and_produ
cts/other_nal_products/eii/nal-eii7.html
Chapter in: The Electronic Information Initiative : Phase 1 Final Report ; A Key Success Factor in the NAL Strategic Plan
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Historical Preservation Metadata and Digital Continuity
Knight, Steve In: DigiCULT.Info Newsletter (Date Created: Feb 2003) (New Zealand)
This article describes the National Library of New Zealand's digital preservation programme generally as well as describing the development of a preservation metadata schema as a means to ensure that digital resources are accessible in the long term. The schema, still under development, involves the preservation metadata applying to a 'logical object' which is then used as the preservation master. The author also discusses future issues that need to be addressed in order for the Library to be acknowledged as a 'trusted repository for New Zealand's digital heritage.
http://data.digicult.info/download/digicult_info3_low.pdf
Preservation of Digital Content
Cloonan, Michele V. ; Sanett, Shelby (Date Created: Apr 2005)
This article emanates from the second of a projected three studies of digital preservation projects and programs and their host organisations in North America, Australia and Europe. The series of studies studies initially began with the authors' work on the Preservation Task Force of InterPARES. It discusses the results of the second study which consisted of surveys and interviews with a number of experts in the field of preservation. The authors conclude that 'preservation activities for digital content are often ad hoc or inconsistent.'
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/portal_libraries_and_the_academy/v005/5.2
cloonan.html
Portal : Libraries and the Academy, Vol. 5, no. 2, (April 2005), E-ISSN: 1530-7131. Article also available in PDF.
Historical Preservation of Digital Data with Self-Validating, Self-Instantiating Knowledge-Based Archives
Ludaescher, Bertram; Marciano, Richard; Moore, Reagan (Date Created: 2001) (United States of America)
This article depicts a fully XML-based archival infrastructure and seeks to show how this architecture can be extended to further include information about the archived information. The notions of self-validating and self-instantiating archives are given precise meanings based on a formalization of the ingestion process. The article includes a case study from a collaboration with the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).
http://www.sdsc.edu/NARA/Publications/Web/kba.pdf
Historical Preservation of Digital Information: Issues and Current Status
Bullock, Alison , Information Technology Services (Last Updated: 26 May 1999)
This document explores the issues surrounding the preservation of digital information and highlights work to address them.
http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/202/301/netnotes/netnotes-h/notes60.htm
in Network Notes, no. 60
Preservation of Digital Objects
Galloway, Patricia (Date Created: 2004)
This article provides an overview of issues and international projects that have been undertaken in the area of digital preservation. It looks at practical examples of ongoing digital preservation; the roles of library, archives and museums in the preservation of digital objects; a summary of research on the preservation of digital objects since the year 2000; different record keeping standards; genre-specific preservation problems (such as web pages, databases); repository standards, preservation methods (such as emulation, migration and serial conversion); preservation metadata standards, as well as future directions for digital preservation.
In: Annual Review of Information Science and Technology (ARIST), Vol 38, 2004 pp. 549-590 (Chapter 11), ISSN 0066-4200, ISBN 1-57387-185-0 http://www.asis.org/Publications/ARIST/
Preservation of Electronic Scholarly Publishing : an Analysis of Three Approaches
Honey, Sadie L. (Date Created: Jan 2005)
This paper analyses three approaches to the preservation and archiving of scholarly publishing - the caching approach, the moving wall approach and the dark archive approach. The strengths and weakness of each approach is analysed by a set of criteria including shared costs, incentives, economic sustainability and technological integrity.
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/portal_libraries_and_the_academy/v005/5.1
honey.html
Portal : Libraries and the Academy, Vol. 5, no. 1(January 2005), E-ISSN1530-7131. Article also available in PDF.
Historical Preservation of the Times
Rothenberg, Jeff (Date Created: Mar 2002)
In this article, the advantages of emulation are compared to other forms of digital preservation. The author concentrates on two emulation strategies, chained emulated and rehosted emulation. Also included is a brief description of some unresolved issues in using this form of digital preservation.
http://www.arma.org/bookstore/productdetail.cfm?ProductID=1238
in, Information Management Journal (ISSN 1535-2897), March/April, 2003 and .pdf version available free to ARMA members and for purchase by non-members
Historical Preservation Planning for Digital Information : Final Report of the HVC 2 Digital Preservation Taskforce
Fyffe, Richard; Ludwig, Deborah; Roach, Mary; Schulte, Becky; Warner, Beth Forrest (Date Created: 11 Nov 2004) (United States of America)
This is a report by the University of Kansas on the implications of the preservation of academic and administrative digital assets. The report features recommendations for a three year plan, emphasising an integrated technical architecture designed around the whole lifecycle of digital information; a definition and assignment of a set of specific roles or functions exercised by staff within the University, and development of a set of policies to guide those roles.
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/166
Historical Preservation Problem : Collaborative Approaches
Morris, Sally (Date Created: 2002)
This article briefly looks at aspects of digital preservation challenges from a collaborative rather than technical perspective. Various examples of collaboration are described, including initiatives and projects such as LOCKSS, JSTOR, CEDARS and the DPC. The author concludes that communication between the myriad of international and regional initiatives is very important so as not to duplicate research and work in an area where resources are limited.
http://iospress.metapress.com/content/88p5ug82wbxm9vq5/?p=59e694ae3c6c
4f0b98b634d01c88160d&pi=11
Available in Information Services and Use, vol. 22, issue 2/3, (2002), ISSN 0167-5265
Preservation Research and Sustainable Digital Libraries
Hedstrom, Margaret; Ross, Seamus In: International Journal on Digital Libraries (Date Created: Aug 2005)
"The National Science Foundation and DELOS , the European Commission sponsored Network for Digital Libraries, supported a working group to define a research agenda for digital archiving and preservation (DAP-WG) within the context of digital libraries. The report of this group, Invest to Save, has laid out a range of research challenges that need to be addressed if we are to make progress in the development of sustainable digital libraries. DAP-WG considered archiving and preservation needs and the research that had been conducted to address these. It concluded that research in this domain could benefit from being expanded and refocused—new research communities must be engaged, the approaches to conducting the research must be made more rigorous, and a significant shift in what was being researched needed to be taken. The Group identified twenty-two key research activities worthy of investigation."
http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/47875
Also available online by subscription at http://www.epnet.com/
Historical Preserving Digital Documents : Choices, Approaches and Standards
Lynch, Clifford (Date Created: Sep 2004)
This article is intended as an introduction to policy and curatorial issues in digital preservation. The article examines two approaches to preserving born digital objects- migration and emulation. Standards are also briefly canvassed.
http://www.aallnet.org/products/pub_llj_v96n04/2004-40.pdf
Law Library Journal, Vol. 96, no. 4, Fall 2004, pp. 609-617, ISSN 0023-9283. Available online from AALL publications
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Historical Preserving Digital Information : Final Report and Recommendations
Garrett, John (co-chair); Task Force on Archiving of Digital Information; Waters, Donald (chair) (Date Created: 20 May 1996)
This report arose from a decision at the end of 1994 by the Commission on Preservation and Access (CPA) and the Research Libraries Group (RLG) to create a Task Force charged with investigating and recommending means to ensure "continued access indefinitely into the future of records stored in digital electronic form." This was a watershed exercise which generated thoughtful discussion on this topic worldwide.
http://www.oclc.org/programs/ourwork/past/digpresstudy/final-report.pd
f
Preserving Digital Media : Towards a Preservation Solution Evaluation Metric
Rauber, Andreas; Rauch, Carl (Date Created: Dec 2004)
This paper analyses the suitability of Utility Analysis as a way of comparing, ranking, evaluating and costing various digital preservation solutions such as emulation and migration. Utility Analysis has been used for many years in other areas such as public utility costing and this approach has been adapted for use within the preservation sphere. The article demonstrates the usability of utility analysis by using two examples. The alternatives are measured, tested and compared.
http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~rauch/Rau04_Utility_Analysis.pdf
Paper given at CADL 2004, Shanghai, China, December 13-17, 2004 Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3334 Springer 2004, ISBN 3-540-24030-6 pp 203-212
Preserving Digital Resources in the UK
Jones, Maggie (Date Created: Dec 2004)
This article begins by describing the various challenges to digital preservation including technological, legal and organisational issues, focusing particularly on the UK situation. It then details the history, membership, activities and highlights of the Digital Preservation Coalition (DPC) since its inception in 2002.
http://www.cilip.org.uk/publications/updatemagazine/archive/archive200
4/december/jones.htm
Library and Information Update Magazine, December 2004
Historical Preserving Electronic Publications
Steenbakkers, Johan F. (Date Created: 2002) (Netherlands)
In co-operaton with IBM and the British Library, the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB, National Library of the Netherlands) has been developing an OAIS (Open Archival Information System) compliant deposit system since 2000. The project of creating the DNEP (Deposit Netherlands Electronic Publications), is envisaged to be completed by 2002, but with limited functionality as far as long term access to electronic publications is concerned. The KB will be looking for partners to continue working on this essential preservation issue.
http://www.kb.nl/hrd/dd/dd_links_en_publicaties/publicaties/isu350.pdf
Information Services & Use, Vol. 22 (2002), pp. 89-96.
Historical Preserving Information Forever and a Call for Emulators
Gilheany, Steve (Date Created: 17 Mar 1998)
This paper reviews some of the issues associated with planning to store information indefinitely. Long-term preservation must include a plan for preserving metadata as well as data. This paper also discusses the need for emulators to permanently preserve the functionality of the computer.
http://www.archivebuilders.com/aba010.html
Presented at the Digital Libraries Conference and Exhibition The Digital Era: Implications, Challenges and Issues, 17-20 March 1998, Singapore
Preserving Our Digital Heritage : Plan for the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program : a Collaborate Initiative of the Library of Congress
Library of Congress (Date Created: Oct 2002) (United States of America)
The Plan for the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program is designed to enable the Library of Congress to develop a national infrastructure for the collection and long term preservation of digital content. The plan involves the establishment of strategies and protocols for the preservation of digital material. The plan includes a description of the current world preservation efforts. It also discusses business models, selection criteria and intellectual property. Additional information is available in the Appendices.
http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/library/resources/pubs/docs/ndiipp_
plan.pdf
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Historical Preserving Scholarly E-Journals
Flecker, Dale In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Sep 2001) (United States of America)
In this article, Dale Flecker, of the Harvard University Library, provides an overview of questions raised by the Mellon Foundation / CLIR initiative for the long-term preservation of scholarly electronic journals. Such questions include those of relationships between publishers, archives and subscribers, access conditions, content, long-term preservation formats and funding.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september01/flecker/09flecker.html
Historical Preserving Software: Why and How
Zabolitzky, John G (Date Created: 13 Sep 2002)
In this article the author highlights the importance of preserving both hardware and software developments so that future generations have a greater knowledge and understanding of computer history. As well as providing an overview of why it is necessary to preserve software and how such preservation can be achieved, the author stresses that the preservation of source code format software should be an immediate goal of organizations and suggests ways for this to be achieved such as the creation of a list of national heritage software.
http://www.cbi.umn.edu/iterations/zabolitzky.html
Available in Iterations: An Interdesciplinary Journal of Software History., 1, 13 September 2002, pp. 1-8, ISSN 1541-843X. Also available in PDF version
Preserving State Government Digital Information: A Baseline Report
Burke, G. Brian; Kwon, Hyuckbin; Pardo, Theresa A. (Date Created: 26 Jul 2006) (United States of America)
"This report provides a baseline for [U.S.] state government digital information preservation capabilities and activities. It includes an analysis of the results across states and territories and presents several observations on the current digital preservation environment based on CTG’s 2006 State Government Digital Information Preservation Survey."
http://www.ctg.albany.edu/publications/reports/digital_preservation_ba
seline
Historical Preserving the Digital Heritage : Building a Digital Archive for UK Government Records
Brown, Adrian (Date Created: Dec 2003) (United Kingdom)
This paper gives an overview of the digital preservation strategies of the UK National Archives. Resources discussed include PRONOM, a database of software information and file formats ; the Archive's in-house digital archive system and strategies for archiving government web sites.
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/brown.pdf
Paper part of the Online Information 2003 proceedings
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Historical Preserving the Present for the Future : Strategies for the Internet : Proceedings
Denmark's Electronic Research Library (Date Created: 22 Jun 2001) Has papers: Legal Deposit from the Internet in Denmark : Experiences with the Law from 1997 and the Need for Adjustments ; Cyberculture, Cultural Asset Management, and Ethnohistory : Preserving the Process and Understanding the Past
Papers from the Preserving the Present for the Future : Strategies for the Internet conference, held at the Royal Library, Copenhagen, 18-19 June 2001.
http://www.deflink.dk/eng/arkiv/dokumenter2.asp?id=695
Preserving the Scholarly Side of the Web
Green, Cody; Leggett, John; Maslov, Alexey; Mikeal, Adam; Phillips, Scott (Date Created: 26 Oct 2006) (United States of America)
This paper given at LA Webb 2006 (4th Latin American Web Conference, 25-27 October 2006, Puebla Cholula Mexico), presents results of a case study (migration of the Journal of Digital Information- JoDI hosted by the Texas Digital Library) addressing the issues around preservation in a digital library. It focuses on issues applying to the preservation of scholarly articles encoded in current web standards, discusses emulation and migration, and compares the strengths and weaknesses of automatic and manual migration.
http://txspace.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/5680/LA%20WEB%202006%2
0Paper.pdf?sequence=1
Historical Preserving Tomorrow's Memory: Preserving Digital Content For Future Generations
Smith, Bernard (Date Created: May 2003)
This article was originally presented at a seminar on digital preservation of the record of science organised by the International Council for Scientific and Technical Information on 14-15th February 2002. This article is based on issues identified in recent reports, publications and other documents relating to the long-term preservation of “born digital” materials. The author provides an overview of the challenges and problems of digital preservation facing cultural institutions; looks at policy and strategy considerations; and considers possible areas of recommendations and future actions - such as policy development, costs, networking, technical and research issues.
http://archive.ifla.org/VI/4/news/ipnn29.pdf
In International Preservation News, No. 29, May 2003, pp. 4-9
Historical Preserving Web History
Mitchell, Robert L (Date Created: 08 May 2002) (United States of America)
Focusing on the USA, this article looks at the challenges faced by a number of companies in relation to website archiving. With companies having statutory and legal obligations to preserve records of past transactions and activities, the need to preserve information on websites has posed a number of difficulties for these organisations. The article also includes a case study of web archiving techniques employed at Corporate Express Inc in the USA.
http://www.computerworld.com.au/index.php/id;1965761530
Available in Computerworld, Vol 36, Issue 32, 8 May 2002, pp. 26-28, ISSN 00104841 and by subscription online at http://www.ebscohost.com/
Historical Principles for Digital Preservation
Gladney, Henry (Date Created: 05 Nov 2004)
Through philosophical examination, the author seeks to clarify issues about the focus for preservation of digital materials, issues of authenticity and provenance and the preservation of dynamic behaviour. The author then discusses the philosophy, methodology and principles of trustworthy digital objects (TDOs), summarizing several of the author's previously published papers on Trustworthy 100 Year Digital Objects.
http://eprints.erpanet.org/archive/00000070/01/Principles_preprint.pdf
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Historical Project on Preservation of Digital Data
Lorie, Raymond A. In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: Jun 2001)
This paper, by an IBM researcher, reviews the challenges of preserving access to digital information, and after discussing conversion and emulation approaches, proposes a new approach to archiving data and program behaviour. The approach relies on development of a Universal Virtual Computer (UVC), allowing either the writing of methods to interpret an archived data stream, or specification of the way a program's original operating computer functioned. The IBM Almaden Research Center is involved in a joint project with the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, the National Library of the Netherlands, to evaluate the feasibility of a UVC solution for some specific data formats.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file2
118.html#feature2
PRONOM
National Archives (UK) (United Kingdom)
PRONOM is a database system that stores and provides information about file formats and the application software needed to open them. It stores detailed descriptions of software applications, including what file formats an application can read and write to, any dependencies that may exist in order to run the application
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pronom/
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Historical PRONOM : a Practical Online Compendium of File Formats
Darlington, Jeffrey In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Oct 2003) (United Kingdom)
PRONOM is a database established by the National Archives (UK) that stores and provides information on file formats and the software applications needed to read them. This article provides an overview of the purpose, content development strategies and future development plans for PRONOM. The latest version, the web-enabled PRONOM 3, is also described.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file1
925.html#feature2
Historical Public Opinion Polls and Digital Preservation : an Application of the Fedora Digital Object Repository System
Jantz, Ronald In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Nov 2003) (United States of America)
This article describes the Eagleton Archive Project, a partnership between the Scholarly Communication Centre (SCC) at Rutgers University Libraries (RUL) and Eagleton Centre for Public Interest Polling. The Fedora management system provides the basic technological infrastructure for digital preservation for the Eagleton Archive Project. This article provides an overview of the Fedora management system including the digital preservation framework and archiving processes, the archiving philosophy of the RUL and management issues.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november03/jantz/11jantz.html
Pushing the Boundaries of Traditional Heritage Policy: Maintaining Long-term Access to Multimedia Content by Introducing Emulation and Contextualization Instead of Accepting Inevitable Loss
Miura, Gregory (Date Created: 23 Nov 2006) (France)
This paper outlines the directions of the Audiovisual Department of the Biblioteque Nationale de France to maintain a collection multimedia material and electronic documents. Experimental technical solutions and emulation are discussed.
http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla72/papers/091-Miura-en.pdf
Quest for a Digital Strategy - Quixotic or realistic?
Watson, David (Date Created: 2007) (Australia)
This article provides a rationale for the Australian National Film & Sound Archives digital strategy. It discusses the challenges audiovisual archives have in providing online access, digitisation of collections and ongoing preservation.
http://www.nfsa.afc.gov.au/docs/NFSAJournal_V2N1_web.pdf
Available in NFSA Journal, Vol 2, No. 1 2007, pp.6-10
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Historical Reality and Chimeras in the Preservation of Electronic Records
Bearman, David In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: 15 Apr 1999)
This magazine column is a response to the report to CLIR by Jeff Rothenberg "Avoiding Technological Quicksand". Bearman gives a critique of the solution described by Rothenberg and suggests that migration is still the preferred solution for the preservation of electronic records.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april99/bearman/04bearman.html
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Historical Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS)
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) (Regularly Updated)
Developed by the CCSDS, OAIS is a model for an archival system for the long-term preservation of and access to digital information. The reference model is now an ISO standard (ISO 14721). This site provides access to the final blue book CCSDS 650.0B-1 version of the standard.
http://public.ccsds.org/publications/archive/650x0b1.pdf
All drafts available from http://ssdoo.gsfc.nasa.gov/nost/isoas/ref_model.html
Historical Report of the Workshop on Opportunities for Research on the Creation, Management, Preservation and Use of Digital Content
Barnett, Bill; Bishoff, Liz; Borgman, Christine; Caplan, Priscilla; Hamma, Ken; Lynch, Clifford (Date Created: Sep 2003) (United States of America)
Based on a workshop titled “Opportunities for Research on the Creation, Management, Preservation and Use of Digital Content” held in Washington DC on 16-18 March 2003, this report “summarises the results of the workshop and presents suggestions for useful areas of research”. Suggested research areas on the preservation of digital content include models for digital repositories, the need for cooperative repositories, economic models for preservation and risk analysis. The report also includes a handout on the “Preservation Breakout Session” workshop.
http://www.imls.gov/pdf/digitalopp.pdf
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Historical Report on the Cedars Final Workshop
CEDARS Project; Day, Michael; Jones, Maggie (Date Created: 22 Apr 2002) (United Kingdom)
This invitation-only workshop was the final event hosted by the Cedars project before it closed. The workshop had a focus primarily on the work of Cedars but also included the work of CAMiLEON. The purpose of the workshop was to highlight the work of Cedars over the preceding four years, to provide a forum for debate and discussion on what the project had achieved and what should happen next, and to bring together the main beneficiaries of the project (CURL librarians) with representatives from the publishing community and other key decision makers.
http://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20050410120000/http://www
.leeds.ac.uk/cedars/pubconf/umist/finalWorkshopRep.html
Archived by the UK Web Archive
Requirements for Digital Preservation Systems : a Bottom Up Approach
Lipkis, Tom; Morabito, Seth; Reich, Vicky; Robertson, Thomas; Rosenthal, David S. H. In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Nov 2005)
This article discusses the threats to digital preservation repositories and the strategies that can be utilised to negate these threats, including using audit mechanisms to detect errors and failures and other strategies such as replication, transparency, migration and diversity. The article concentrates on threats from internal sources such as operator error, software and hardware failure and storage media failure.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1045/november2005-rosenthal
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november05/rosenthal/11rosenthal.html
Historical From Rescue to Long-Term Maintenance: Preservation as a Core Function in the Management of Digital Assets
Cordeiro, Maria Ines (Date Created: Jan 2004)
Intended as an introductory article for the journal VINE (Special Issue: Digital Preservation and libraries), this article provides an overview of the main issues, current research, projects and initiatives being undertaken in relation to digital preservation. The article outlines challenges facing digital preservation, digital preservation techniques, metadata and the main components of the OAIS (the Open Archival Information System). Also included is an extensive and useful bibliography.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03055720410530933
http://oberon.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/03055720410530933
Also available in PDF version and in VINE, Vol 34, No 1, 2004, pp. 6-16, ISSN 0305-5278 (Special Issue: Digital Preservation and Libraries. Part One).
Historical Research Agendas Set Course for Digital Archiving and Long-Term Preservation
Hedstrom, Margaret In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Dec 2003)
This article provides overviews of two recent reports - "It's About Time" and " Invest To Save". Both reports centre on the increasing role that digital information plays in most sectors of society and have identified research agendas for digital preservation researchers in the area of long-term digital preservation.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file1
491.html#feature2
Historical Research Questions for the Digital Era Library
Marcum, Deanna B. (Date Created: 2003)
The author of this article maintains that the library's role in the use of digital information, particularly in regard to access to high quality digital research materials, needs to be reassessed. This article identifies three areas where research is required to meet future needs. One of the three areas is an analysis of what elements are required for a comprehensive preservation strategy. The author details why a preservation strategy is important for libraries and also reports on previous and current suggestions for research in digital preservation related areas.
in Library Trends, Vol. 51, Issue 4, Spring 2003, pp636-651
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Historical Researching Long Term Digital Preservation Approaches in the Dutch Digital Preservation Testbed (Testbed Digitale Bewaring)
Potter, Maureen In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Jun 2002) (Netherlands)
Maureen Potter describes the work and progress to date of the Digital Preservation Testbed (Testbed Digitale Bewaring) belonging to the Dutch government's Digitale Duurzaamheid (Digital Longevity) programme aimed at retaining long term accessibility to government information. The article describes the Testbed's focus on four document types (text documents, email, spreadsheets and databases) using three preservation approaches (migration, emulation, XML), outlines the experimental methodology and provides some preliminary findings for text documents and emails.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file1
521.html#feature2
Historical Response to "Preserving Software: Why and How"
Kaplan, Elisabeth (Date Created: 13 Sep 2002) (United States of America)
This article briefly explores the measures that have been undertaken in the USA to ensure that software is preserved, including the activities of institutions in the 1980s and 1990s. The article also stresses stresses the lack of national software archives. Instead, many institutions in the USA - such as the Smithsonian and Stanford University - have started to collect, not the software itself, but the documentation of the software development such as personal papers, oral histories and audiovisual materials, as it was considered a more economically viable option.
http://www.cbi.umn.edu/iterations/kaplan.html
Available in Iterations: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Software History, 1, 13 September, 2002, pp. 1-3, ISSN 1541-843X. Also available in PDF version.
Reviving Digital Projects
Dietrich, Dianne; Doty, Jennifer; Green, Jen; Scholtz, Nicole (Date Created: 15 Dec 2008) (United States of America)
This article describes and provides general advice for the process of reviving digital projects based on the specific case study of the Online Atlas of Michigan Plants at the University of Michigan. The process of digital archaeology to investigate requirements and produce documentation, migration and project life-cycle management are considered.
http://journal.code4lib.org/articles/685
Code4Lib Journal ISSN 1940-5758 Issue 5, 15 Dec 2008
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Historical Right to Preserve: The Rights Issues of Digital Preservation
Ayre, Catherine; Muir, Adrienne In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Mar 2004) (United Kingdom)
This article provides an overview of the Copyright and Licensing for Digital Preservation (CLDP) project, undertaken between September 2002 and March 2004 and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Board (UK). Based on questionnaire surveys, face-to-face interviews and a seminar, the project’s aim was to examine whether copyright legislation and licensed access to digital content affects the roles of libraries in providing long-term access. Areas outlined in the article include rights implications of digital preservation methods; provision for preservation copying in existing laws and licences; solutions to the rights issues, incorporating areas such as digital preservation responsibility and legal deposit; and rights issues specific to licensed digital content.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1045/march2004-ayre
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march04/ayre/03ayre.html
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Historical Risk Management for Web Resources : a Case Study on Southeast Asian Web Sites
Botticelli, Peter In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Feb 2003)
This contribution to Project Prism is a case study of 54 web sites of political and non-profit organisations in Southeast Asia. The sites were selected for their value as candidates for long term preservation. One year was spent identifying and studying risk management issues. The article discusses the problems encountered in monitoring the web sites, how the sites were monitored and the danger signs indicating content loss.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file5
81.html#feature2
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Historical Risk Management of Digital Information : A File Format Investigation
Arms, Caroline R. In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Jun 2000) (United States of America)
This article is a review of the CLIR sponsored Cornell University Library study of the same name. The study concentrated on migration as a digital preservation strategy. There were seen to be three different categories of risk related to the infrastructure, file format and conversion process. Different methods and tools were applied to assess risk included workbooks, reader software and test migrations. It was found that risk could be quantified and access to the original file format specifications was crucial to evaluating risks.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070513/viewer/file1
579.html#technical1
Historical Road to E-Deposit at the Koninklijke Bibliotheek
Steenbakkers, Johan F. (Date Created: 20 Aug 2002) (Netherlands)
This article provides a brief overview of the history of the deposit of electronic records in the National Library of the Netherlands (KB) since 1995. Included are brief descriptions of the pilot deposit system (established 1998), Networked European Deposit Library (NEDLIB) project (1998-1999), the Depot for Netherlands Electronic Publications’ (DNEP) project (1999-2002), KB deposit system created by the IBM company (2002) and the current work on development of the present e-deposit system.
http://www.kb.nl/hrd/dd/dd_links_en_publicaties/publicaties/eskb-roadt
oe-deposit3_20aug02.pdf
RODA and Crib: A Service-Oriented Digital Repository
Barbedos, Francisco; Castro, Rui; Corujo, Luis; Faria, Luis; Ferreira, Miguel; Ramalho, Jose Carlos (Date Created: 30 Sep 2008) (Portugal)
This paper presented at iPres 2008 (29-30 September 2008, British Library Conference Centre) describes how the integration of RODA a project of the Portuguese National Archives and CRiB a project of the University of Minho may provide a standards based digital preservation solution. CRiB delivers a set of preservation services in the planning and execution of migration-based preservation interventions and may fulfill the preservation planning requirements for RODA.
http://www.bl.uk/ipres2008/presentations_day2/37_Ramalho.pdf
Historical Role of National Initiatives in Digital Preservation
Hedstrom, Margaret In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: 15 Oct 1998)
This paper by Margaret Hedstrom, which was first presented at the Joint RLG and NPO Preservation Conference on Guidelines for Digital Imaging, assesses the role of national research initiatives in the search for global digital preservation solutions. By contrasting the approaches taken in United Kingdom, Sweden and Australia, Hedstrom concludes that national programs have a useful role to play in coordinating local solutions, the sharing of resources and outcomes, and for producing results which can be implemented on a manageable scale.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file3
642.html#feature2
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Historical Saving Digital Heritage : a UNESCO Campaign
Webb, Colin In: RLG DigiNews (Date Created: Jun 2003)
This article discusses UNESCO's Draft Charter on the Preservation of the Digital Heritage and its associated Guidelines. It describes the consultation processes in formulating the Charter and the Guidelines are discussed within the context of readership and how the information is structured. Sample principles from the Guidelines are included to illustrate the basic concepts and more detailed approaches to how the material is organised in the Guidelines.
http://worldcat.org/arcviewer/1/OCC/2007/08/08/0000070511/viewer/file6
74.html#feature3
Historical Scarcity or Abundance? : Preserving the Past in a Digital Era
Rosenzweig, Roy (Date Created: Jun 2003)
This article is written from an historian's perspective. It gives details of several approaches to digital preservation and their implications for current and future historical research.
http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/108.3/rosenzweig.html
in American Historical Review, Vol. 108, Issue 3, June 2003, pp735-762
Historical Screen Savers
Berwick, Carly (Date Created: Sep 2002) (United States of America)
This article looks at efforts undertaken in the United States to preserve digital and other new-media artworks. It highlights artist-museum conservation partnerships as seen at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; describes initiatives such as the Variable Media Initiative at the Guggenheim Museum in New York and profiles both the Conceptual and Intermedia Arts On-line (CIAO), as well as the collaborative project “Archiving the Avant-Garde”, which looks at case studies and digital preservation strategies for new-media art.
http://artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=1170
Also available in ARTnews, September 2002, Vol 101, Issue 8, pp. 124-125, ISSN 0004-3273 and by subscription online at www.ebscohost.com/
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SDS Final Report
Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, University of Virginia (Date Created: 2004) (United States of America)
This is the final report from the Supporting Digital Scholarship project at the University of Virginia. The Mellon Foundation-funded project’s goal was to support the creation and long-term maintenance of digital scholarly projects, with emphasis on cooperation between creators and the collectors to ensure its implementation. The report highlights issues and problem areas, including legal and policy matters, without necessarily providing all the solutions. Preservation policies are discussed with special detailed examination of ‘significant properties’, which identify the unique properties of digital works.
http://www.iath.virginia.edu/~spw4s/sarah/SDS/SDS_AR_2003.frame.html
Also available in .html - http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/sds/SDS_AR_2003.html
Selecting Technologies
ERPANET (Date Created: Sep 2003)
This ERPANET (Electronic Resource Preservation and Access Network) guidance note discusses the selection of technolgy for digital preservation, preconditions which should be considered before selection and the selection process itself. Also included is a checklist of factors and questions to ask when developing preservation strategies and listing requirements when choosing the technologies.
http://www.erpanet.org/guidance/docs/ERPANETSelect_Techno.pdf
ERPA guidance note
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Selection, Appraisal and Retention of Digital Social Science Data
Beedham, Hilary; Donakowski, D.; Gutmann, M.; Schurer, K. (Date Created: Dec 2004)
The volume of social science data means that not everything can be preserved. The stages of the preservation process including selection criteria, appraisal processes and issues in the long term accessibility of data are illustrated using the situation at two data archives in the US and the UK.
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/dsj/3/0/209/_pdf
Data Science Journal, ISSN 1683-1470, Vol. 3, December 2004, pp 209-221.
Semi-Automated Preservation and Archival of Scientific Data Using Semantic Grid Services
Choudhury, Sharmin; Hunter, Jane (Date Created: May 2005)
This paper was presented at the International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid in 2005. It presents arguments for the use of PANIC as a solution to long term preservation of large scale collections of scientific data. PANIC is based on preservation metadata, software and format registries and semantic Grid services.
http://metadata.net/panic/Papers/SIGAW2005_paper.pdf
Paper presented at the Semantic Infrastructure for Grid Computing Applications Workshop at the International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid, CCGrid 2005. Cardiff, UK. May 2005
Significant Properties of Vector Images
Oxford Brookes University; System Simulation Ltd (Date Created: 2008) (United Kingdom)
This 74 p. report looks at Vector Images to identify their most important characteristics (Significant Properties) in the context of their long-term preservation and future re-use. It is one of four studies funded by JISC to investigate Significant Properties of Digital Objects.
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/programmes/preservation/vector_i
mages.pdf
Significant Properties Report
Wilson, Andrew (Last Updated: 23 Apr 2007) (United Kingdom)
This document prepared for the InSPECT Project explores the concept of significant properties of digital objects and reviews related work being undertaken within the DELOS project, continuing within the EU-funded PLANETS project, within NARA’s Electronic Records Archive project in the US, and at the National Archives of Australia.
http://www.significantproperties.org.uk/documents/wp22_significant_pro
perties.pdf
Version 2.0
Significant Properties Workshop: Notes From the Event
Boyle, Frances (United Kingdom)
Frances Boyle reports on the Significant Properties Workshop jointly organised by JISC, DPC and the PLANETS Project which was held at the British Library Conference Centre on 7 April 2008.
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/preservation/2008sigpropswrk
shp.aspx
Historical Significant Property: Digital Preservation at the British Library
Woodyard, Deborah (Date Created: Jan 2004) (United Kingdom)
This article focuses on the role of the British Library in relation to the preservation of digital materials. The author provides an overview of various projects currently being undertaken both within the Library itself, and collaboratively with other national and international institutions. Included are descriptions of the how the Library’s Department of Manuscripts and Sound Archive are dealing with digital objects, its Web Archiving and Digital Object Management (DOM) Programmes and the Library’s involvement in the SHERPA project.
http://ninetta.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentTy
pe=Article&contentId=862526
Also available in PDF version and in VINE, Vol 34, No 1, 2004, pp. 17-20, ISSN 0305-5728, (Special Issue: Digital Preservation and Libraries. Part One)
Historical Software Archaeology
Hunt, Andrew; Thomas, David (Date Created: Mar 2002)
A short article describing the problems of understanding software code with little or no documentation. It ends with some suggestions as to how current developers could make code easier to work with in the future.
http://media.pragprog.com/articles/mar_02_archeology.pdf
IEEE Software, Volume 19, Number 2 (March/April 2002), ISSN 0740-7459.
Historical Sound Savings : Preserving Audio Collections : Proceedings from the Symposium
Association of Research Libraries (ASL) (Date Created: 24 Jul 2003)
These are the papers of the Sound Savings symposium, held July 24-26, 2003. Of particular interest is Review of Audio Collection Preservation Trends and Challenges by Samuel Brylawski and The Library of Congress Digital Audio Preservation Prototyping Project by Carl Fleischhauer.
http://www.arl.org/preserv/sound_savings_proceedings/
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Historical Stanford Archival Repository Project : Preserving Our Digital Past
Cooper, Brian F.; Crespo, Arturo; Garcia-Molina, Hector (Date Created: 2003) (United States of America)
This article discusses the infrastructure required to create a reliable digital archive. Objects are replicated among cooperating digital archives so that if any particular archive fails, the digital objects will still be accessible. The article also discusses the prototype archiving system, the Stanford Archival Vault (SAV), and ArchSim, a simulation tool for use in designing archive systems.
http://www-db.stanford.edu/~crespo/publications/lirn.pdf
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Historical State of the Art and Practice in Digital Preservation
Lee, Kyong-Ho ; Lu, Richang ; McCrary, Victor ; Slattery, Oliver ; Tang, Xiao (Date Created: Jan 2002)
This paper published in the Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 93-106, Jan-Feb 2002) is a survey of ideas and practice in digital preservation as of late 2001. It first elaborates the various proposed strategies for digital preservation (including emulation and migration) before introducing a number of projects from Australia, Europe and North America. A final section recommends the development of preservation standards based on XML, and outlines some critical issues that still need to be resolved.
http://nvl.nist.gov/pub/nistpubs/jres/107/1/j71lee.pdf
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Historical Survey and Assessment of Sources of Information on File Formats and Software Documentation : Final Report
Representation and Rendering Project, University of Leeds (Date Created: 2003) (United Kingdom)
This report was published by the UK Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) as part of their Digital Preservation and Records Management programme. The report canvasses issues of rendering, migration and obsolescence; identifies sources of information for file format and software documentation; and lists a series of recommendations to combat software and hardware obsolescence.
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/FileFormatsreport.pdf
Sustainability of Word Processing Documents
Barnes, Ian (Date Created: Jan 2006)
This is a project of the Australian Partnership of Sustainable Repositories (APSR). This brief document provides an overview of the problem and includes a draft preservation strategy.
http://www.apsr.edu.au/currentprojects/wordprocessing.html
Towards a Curation and Preservation Architecture for CAD Engineering Models
Ball, Alexander; Ding, Lian; Patel, Manjula (Date Created: 29 Sep 2008)
This paper given at iPRES 2008 (British Library Conference Centre, 29-30 Sept. 2008) discusses preservation requirements of CAD models and presents two proof of concept tools developed to aid in their curation and preservation. RRoRIfe - Registry/Repository of Representation Information for Engineering - uses Representation Information, as defined by the OAIS Reference Model to advise on suitable migration strategies for migrating CAD models to archival or exchange formats. It is a simple preservation planning tool incorporating a registry of format characteristics and a registry of migration software. The second tool LiMMA -Lightweight Models with Multilayered Annotations - is an architecture for layering non-geometric information on top of a geometric model. It is a series of individual tools based around a common XML schema and workflow.
http://www.bl.uk/ipres2008/presentations_day1/17_Ball.pdf
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Historical Towards a Global Digital Format Registry
Abrams, Stephen L; Seaman, David (Date Created: Aug 2003)
Based on a preliminary working group of members from the international library and archive sector, this paper traces the group’s efforts in investigating the establishment a new global format registry for the purposes of supporting the long-term preservation of digital materials. The authors claim that the digital format registry “will maintain persistent, unambiguous bindings between public identifiers for digital representation formats and the significant syntactic and semantic properties of those formats”. The paper covers areas such as the registry’s mission statement, data and service models, governance structure and business issues. The development of the registry service model is informed by the ANSI X3.285 Metamodel for the Management of Shareable Data, the OASIS ebXML Registry and IANA MIME media types
http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla69/papers/128e-Abrams_Seaman.pdf
This paper was given at the World Library and Information Congress: 69th IFLA General Conference and Council, 1-9 August, 2003 in Berlin.
Historical Transforming Libraries: Issues and Innovations in Preserving Digital Information
Soete, George J. (Date Created: 1998) (United States of America)
This preliminary report in the ARL Transforming Libraries series discusses the role that libraries might play in preserving digital information. It includes a summary of comments from twenty-one stakeholders on digital preservation issues. Overviews from various institutions (university libraries, national libraries, publishers) provide information about how these groups are tackling the problems associated with digital preservation. SP228.
http://web.archive.org/web/20061209222748/http://www.arl.org/transform
/pdi/index.html
ARL Transforming Libraries, Issue 5. Flyer for Spec Kit SP228 at http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/spec-228-flyer.pdf
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Transparent Format Migration of Preserved Web Content
Lipkis, Thomas; Morabito, Seth; Robertson, Thomas; Rosenthal, David S. H. In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Jan 2005)
The LOCKSS digital preservation system collects content by crawling the web and preserves it in the format supplied by the publisher. As standards and formats evolve over years, browsers will presumably lose the ability to handle content in old formats. The process of converting old content to a newer format that browsers can render accurately is called format migration. The LOCKSS system has designed and tested an initial implementation of format migration for Web content that is transparent to readers, building on the content negotiation capabilities of HTTP.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1045/january2005-rosenthal
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january05/rosenthal/01rosenthal.html
Trustworthy 100-Year Digital Objects : Durable Encoding for When It's Too Late to Ask
Gladney, Henry (Last Updated: 20 Oct 2004)
This document, the second in the "Trustworthy 100-Year Digital Objects" series, discusses the technical challenges of digital preservation and then presents a potential solution for issues of technology obsolescence. The author proposes that a method of durable encoding will provide a solution superior to transformative migration and preservation emulation. A technical discussion on the encoding and packaging of Trustworthy Digital Objects (TDOs) and the use of Universal Virtual Computer (UVC) coding and emulators ensues.
http://eprints.erpanet.org/archive/00000007/
Historical Trustworthy 100-Year Digital Objects : Evidence Even After Every Witness is Dead
Gladney, H. M. (Date Created: May 2003)
Unpublished discussion paper (43 pages) by Dr Gladney which was later rewritten. This paper considers how publishers can guarantee the long-term authenticity of electronic papers.
http://eprints.erpanet.org/archive/00000008/
Trustworthy 100-Year Digital Objects : Syntax and Semantics : Tension Between Facts and Values
Gladney, Henry (Last Updated: 08 Jan 2004)
As the fifth part of the "Trustworthy 100-Year Digital Objects" series, this article focuses on digital document authenticity and evidence of trust. Gladney discusses the difficulties of accurate communication, exploring epistemology through topics such as meanings, objectivity, syntax, semantics and ambiguity. He proposes a mathematical language definition of authenticity and explains his method for providing durable authenticity evidence in construction of Trustworthy Digital Object (TDO) packages. Gladney discourages the notion of trustworthy repositories and recommends the creation of reliable documents instead.
http://eprints.erpanet.org/archive/00000051/
Historical Uncertain Fate of Scholarly Artifacts in a Digital Age
Carlson, Scott (Date Created: 30 Jan 2000) (United States of America)
This article looks at the challenges facing scholars in preserving digital objects for future generations. With a growing number of research materials such as novels, poems, letters, notes and artwork being produced electronically, there is an increasing concern amongst scholars that much of this information will become obsolete. The article debates whether society is entering a “digital dark age” or whether these technological changes will mean a new era for scholarship.
http://chronicle.com/weekly/v50/i21/21a02501.htm
Volume 50, Issue 21. Available by subscription.
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Historical UNESCO and the World Summit on the Information Society
Abid, Abdelaziz (Date Created: 18 Aug 2002)
A presentation by Abdelaziz Abid of UNESCO at the 68th IFLA Council and General Conference, Glasgow, 18-24th August, 2002, describing the principles and actions for consideration at the UNESCO World Summit on the information society. The needs of users, equity, information sharing, skills development and knowledge creation are included for consideration. Also included is a discussion paper which served as background to the UNESCO Provisional Draft Charter on the Preservation of the Digital Heritage.
http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla68/papers/150-85be.pdf
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Historical UNESCO Campaign to Preserve the 'Digital Heritage' and Consultations in Asia and the Pacific
Webb, Colin (Date Created: 30 Sep 2003)
This article briefly describes UNESCO's Draft Charter on Preservation of the Digital Heritage and its associated guidelines. It also discusses the main issues that were raised in the regional Consultation Meeting for Asia and the Pacific, held in Canberra, Australia, in November 2002 and attended by 39 experts from 12 countries in the region. Summaries of topics include digital publishing, electronic records, audiovisual resources, data collections and the products of digitisation and community digital heritage programs, as well as current arrangements for managing digital materials, networks for co-operation, and barriers to preservation.
http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/2003/webb1.html
Also available in IPN (International Preservation News), No. 30, Sept. 2003
Historical Uppity Bits: Coming To Terms With Archiving Dynamic Electronic Journals
Baudoin, Patsy (Date Created: Mar 2003) (United States of America)
This article primarily focuses on the issues relating to the preservation of dynamic electronic journals. As well as providing a definition and highlighting the main characteristics of dynamic e-journals, the author argues that developments need to be made to ensure the long-term preservation of, not only the static elements, but also the dynamic elements of dynamic e-journals. The author briefly assesses the three main areas of digital preservation – migration, emulation and archaeological approaches – and states that more research is needed in the area of emulation, maintaining that this approach has the potential to preserve and capture the dynamic elements of electronic journals.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a903992740~db=all~ord
er=page
In The Serials Librarian, ISSN 0361-526X , Vol. 43, No. 4, 2003, pp. 63-72
Historical Using XML for Long-term Preservation : Experiences from the DiVA Project
Andersson, Stefan; Hansson, Peter; Klosa, Uwe; Muller, Eva; Siira, Erik (Date Created: May 2003) (Sweden)
This paper describes the DiVA (Digitala vetenskapliga arkivet) Project which originated at Uppsala University in Sweden. The goal of the project is to create a searchable archive (DiVA Archive) for the long term preservation of those documents which are published in an electronic form such as theses, essays and working papers. This paper includes discussion of XML as a long term preservation format, the DiVA document format and the use of URN (uniform resource names) as persistent identifiers.
http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/etd2003/hansson-peter/HTML/index.html
Historical Utility Analysis : Making Influences on the Final Decision Better Visible
Rauch, Carl (Date Created: Jun 2004)
Utitlity Analysis is a tool that enables the comparison, ranking evaluation of preservation options for a particular preservation issue. This paper describes a refinement of Utility Analysis which makes decision making more transparent and accurate. An example is used to illustrate the process. A more detailed discussion of Utility Analysis as it applies to digital preservation can be found at Preserving Digital Media : Towards a Preservation Solution Evaluation Metric
http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~rauch/rau_objtree_extension
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UVC : a Method for Preserving Digital Documents - Proof of Concept
Lorie, Raymond (Date Created: 2002) (Netherlands)
In 2002 Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB) commissioned Raymond Lorie to produce the following report, a proof-of-concept for the Universal Virtual Computer – a combined emulation/migration approach to preserving a certain class of digital objects. PDF format was selected because it is the primary format for electronic publications stored in KB’s Digital Information Archiving System (DIAS). The report is the fourth in the IBM/KB Long-Term Study series.
http://www.kb.nl/hrd/dd/dd_onderzoek/reports/4-uvc.pdf
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UVC for Images
Koninklijke Bibliotheek (Date Created: 2004) (Netherlands)
The UVC for JPEG is a follow-up for the 'proof of concept' of the UVC for PDF carried out in 2002. This operational tool enables permanent, platform independent access for JPEG images, regardless of future technological changes. The tool may be used to store other file types, such as PDF, but with reduced functionality, with only an image of the material being preserved. It is planned that this approach will be extended to TIFF and eventually to native PDF.
http://www.kb.nl/hrd/dd/dd_onderzoek/uvc_voor_images-en.html
Dutch version available at: http://www.kb.nl/hrd/dd/dd_onderzoek/uvc_voor_images.html
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Historical VERS: Building a Digital Record Heritage
Quenault, Howard (Date Created: Feb 2004) (Australia)
The Victorian Electronic Records Strategy (VERS) is “a framework of standards, guidance and practical implementation projects centred around the goal of reliably and authentically archiving electronic records created or managed by the Victorian government”. The article provides an overview into the background and vision of the program, the VERS Centre of Excellence, developing the digital archive and future directions of the program.
http://www.vala.org.au/vala2004/2004pdfs/13Quena.PDF
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Historical Virtual Remote Control : Building a Preservation Risk Management Toolbox for Web Resources
Buckley, Ellie; Entlich, Richard; Kehoe, William R.; Kenney, Anne R.; McGovern, Nancy Y. In: D-Lib magazine (Date Created: Apr 2004) (United States of America)
Importance of Internet archiving was brought to public attention after material archived by the Wayback Machine was accepted in the US court. Cultural institutions face legal as well as technical challenges when they attempt to archive the Internet and much of the content is therefore lost. Cornell University Library's Virtual Remote Control (VRC) initiative differs from most web archiving projects by its emphasis on monitoring websites over time, with capture being used only as a last resort. The process is envisaged to be fully automated in the future via a Toolbox software that is being developed, but at present considerable human input is necessary.
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april04/mcgovern/04mcgovern.html
Historical Webwatch : Surfing Historical UK University Websites
Kelly, Brian In: Ariadne (Date Created: Apr 2003) (United Kingdom)
This article is a description of a survey of archived university web sites in the Internet Archive accessed using the WayBack Machine. An automated view and comparison of the earliest and latest sites is available by a "Web Tour". The article also notes problems in automatically capturing the sites over time, frequent occurrences of images not displaying, accessibility issues caused by sites being designed for a specific browser and third party content not being functional on the archived version of the website.
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue35/web-watch/
Historical What is a Library Anymore, Anyway?
Herkovic, Andrew C. ; Keller, Michael A.; Reich, Victoria A. In: First Monday (Date Created: May 2003)
Using the LOCKSS system as an example, this article discusses the need for libraries to control persistent access locally to enable long-term preservation and accessibility of digital collections. Local control of collections is critical both to assure permanence and to provide a key degree of selectivity. The LOCKSS system and protocol and similar technologies allow libraries to create, manage and maintain persistent caches of electronic journal content to which they subscribe with minimal cost so that libraries get to retain their role of acquiring, retaining, preserving and building means of access to collections.
http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view
/1053/973
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Historical The WWW and Our Digital Heritage - The New Preservation Tasks of the Library Community
Mannerheim, Johan (Last Updated: 22 Aug 2000)
In this paper, presented at the 66th IFLA Council and General Conference in Jerusalem, Israel, in August, 2000, Johan Mannerheim of the Royal Library of Sweden provides an overview of the scope, responsibilities and challenges of archiving the web, plus preservation of digital information in general.
http://archive.ifla.org/IV/ifla66/papers/158-157e.htm
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Historical XML and Digital Preservation
Testbed Digitale Bewaring (Date Created: Sep 2002) (Netherlands)
This paper describes XML and how it is useful for preserving digital information. A summary of current knowledge and research into XML is also provided.
http://www.digitaleduurzaamheid.nl/bibliotheek/docs/white-paper_xml-en
.pdf
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Historical XML for Digital Preservation : XML Implementation Options for E-Mails
Potter, Maureen (Date Created: 11 Oct 2002) (Netherlands)
This article reports on progress at the Digital Preservation Testbed (Testbed Digital Bewaring) of the Netherlands in using XML as a preservation approach. It notes the advantages and disadvantages of XML for archival preservation and discusses three implementation options for conversion or provision of emails in XML. The article is in PDF format.
http://www.digitaleduurzaamheid.nl/bibliotheek/docs/email-xml-imp.pdf
Historical YLE Digital Sound Archive
Frilander, Jouni; Gronow, Pekka; Home, Petri; Petaja, Markku; Salosaari, Pekka ; Vihonen, Lasse In: DigiCULT.Info Newsletter (Date Created: Aug 2003) (Finland)
This article looks at the challenges and issues faced by Yleisradio (YLE) - Finland’s public service broadcaster - in relation to the establishment of a digital sound archive of broadcast materials. Areas explored include the background and different types of collections in the archive; the main goals, functions and components of adopting a digital system and aims for the radio archive's digital preservation plan.
http://data.digicult.info/download/digicult_newsletter_issue4_highres.
pdf

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Books

Addressing the Uncertain Future of Preserving the Past: Towards a Robust Strategy for Digital Archiving and Preservation
Stijn Hoorens; Jeff Rothenberg; Constantijn van Oranje; Martin van der Mandele; Ruth Levitt (Date Created: 2007) (Netherlands)
This report prepared for the Koninklijke Bibliotheek reviews the history of digital preservation, the role of National Libraries and publishers and discusses the dynamic environment of scholarly publishing. The report considers the strategy implications for the KB and its e-Depot archive.
http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR510/
Summary and Full document in PDF available for download from http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR510/ also available for sale. RAND (Technical ) Report TR-510-KB
Historical Bento Specification, Revision 1.0d5
Apple Computer Inc.; Harris, Jed; Ruben, Ira (Date Created: 15 Jul 1993)
This specification (106 p.) defines the format of data in a Bento container, and an API for writing and reading Bento containers. Bento containers are used by application programs to store compound content that consists of multiple content objects.
http://info.wgbh.org/upf/pdfs/BentoSpec1_0d5.pdf
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Historical Comparison of Methods & Costs of Digital Preservation
Hendley, Tony (Date Created: 1998)
British Library Research and Innovation Report 106. This report was commissioned as part of the British national strategy for digital information. It includes a decision model to assess ten categories of digital resources to determine the most appropriate method of long-term preservation for each; and a cost model for comparing the costs of the preferred methods of preservation for each category of digital resource.
ISSN: 1366-8218
ISBN: 0 7123 9713 2
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/papers/tavistock/hendley/hendley.
html
May be purchased as a photocopy or microfiche from the British Thesis Service, British Library Document Supply Centre, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshore, LS23 7BQ, UK.
Digital Preservation in the Regions : Sample Survey of Digital Preservation Preparedness and Needs of Organisations at Local and Regional Levels : An Assessment Carried out from December 2004 to March 2005
Simpson, Duncan (Date Created: Jun 2005) (United Kingdom)
This report, published by the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council (MLA) and Digital Preservation Coalition (DPC), is the result of a survey of non-national museums, libraries and archives in two English regions to gauge their awareness and preparedness in handling the long-term preservation of digital material. The report indicates that awareness raising on the whole issue of digital preservation is needed, and presents 14 action points that institutions and the MLA / DPC can take to promote better practice.
ISBN: 190374380X
http://www.mla.gov.uk/what/publications/~/media/Files/pdf/2005/digital
_preservation_in_regions.ashx
Available for download in pdf and msword formats.
Digital Preservation: ICSTI/CODATA/ICSU Seminar on Preserving the Record of Science, 14-15 February 2002, UNESCO, Paris, France
IOS Press (Date Created: Dec 2002)
"Preservation or 'permanent availability' of the record of science as represented by scientific information is one of the processes which is dramatically affected by the change to an all digital world.Preservation is now a matter of...keeping track of the technology so that the item can be read in the future despite obsolescence of ther technology changes. This work covers the viewpoints of various technologies which are important in the preservation process."
ISBN: 1586033174
Book edition of Information Services & Use, Volume 22, Nos. 2,3 (2002), ISSN 0167-5265.
Electronic Records : A Workbook for Archivists : ICA Study 16
International Council on Archives (Date Created: Apr 2005)
This workbook, produced for archivists and record keepers, is a practical guide for those wishing to capture, preserve and make available electronic records. It covers basic concepts and definitions, as well as strategies for implementing electronic recordkeeping programmes and contains chapters on long term preservation and access, discussing preservation requirements, methods and skills.
http://www.ica.org/en/node/749
Available in multiple languages
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Historical Emerging Technologies for the Cultural and Scientific Heritage Sector
Dobreva, Milena; Donnelly, Martin; Ross, Seamus (Date Created: Feb 2004) (United Kingdom)
This report is a substantial (216 pages) annual report summarising the six technologies stated as having a major impact on cultural heritage projects. It is written at an intermediate level, and captures the basic technological issues , approaches by workers in the sector, with many interesting references to case studies from various organisations. Topics include XML and its family of technologies, virtual communities and collaborative technologies such as blogs.
ISBN: 92-894-5276-5
http://www.digicult.info/downloads/twr_2_2004_final.pdf
DigiCULT Technology Watch Report 2. Available in PDF at the DigiCULT website, also in hard copy ISBN 9289452765.
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Historical Guidelines On Best Practices For Using Electronic Information
European Commission (DLM Forum) (Date Created: 1997)
These multidisciplinary guidelines (61 p.), developed at the 1996 DLM Forum, help to define short and medium-term strategies for managing and preserving electronic information.
ISBN: 92-828-2285-0
http://dlmforum.typepad.com/gdlines.pdf
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Historical JISC/NPO Studies on the Preservation of Electronic Materials: A Framework of Data Types and Formats, and Issues Affecting the Long Term Preservation of Digital Material
Bennett, John C. (Last Updated: 23 May 1999) (United Kingdom)
This study is part of a wider program of studies funded by JISC and guided by the (UK) Digital Archive Working Group. The report attempts to develop a framework to assist in the management of the resolution of issues associated with long-term digital preservation. One of the study's recommendations is a scorecard approach to reduce the complexity of preservation decisions and to help initiate solutions.
ISBN: 0 7123 3312 6
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/services/elib/papers/supporting/pdf/rept011.pdf
British Library Research and Innovation Report No. 50
La gestion de l'information et des archives électroniques en Europe : réalisations et nouvelles directions Actes de la Ve conférence du DLM-Forum (Toulouse, 10, 11 et 12 décembre 2008) : Information and Electronic Records Management in Europe: Achievements and new Directions:
Archives de France (Date Created: 30 Apr 2009) (France)
Proceedings of the 5th DLM-Forum Conference are available in two volumes. Sessions included: E-governments and standards; Managing and accessing e-information; From records management to archives - developing strategies for transferring records; Long term preservation; Certification; Strategies for records management and archiving services; Roundtable on "Are archives ready for the digital world ?"; and workshops on: MoReq2; Protection of personal data and the archival requirements; File formats for long term preservation; and, Long term preservation strategies.
ISBN: 9782860003391
http://www.archivesdefrance.culture.gouv.fr/gerer/publications/actes/
Historical LC 21: A Digital Strategy for the Library of Congress
National Academy Press (Date Created: Jul 2001) (United States of America)
This large report on the Library of Congress was commissioned from the National Academy of Sciences. It states the issues and gives recommendations to assist in developing the Library's preparedness in dealing with its burgeoning digital collection responsibilities. It was compiled from discussions with Library staff, literature/project surveys and the expertise of the committee members. The report found shortfalls in strategic planning, infrastructure, expertise and funding in dealing with the intellectual control and preservation of digital materials at the Library.
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309071445/html/
Historical Moving Theory into Practice: Digital Imaging for Libraries and Archives
Kenney, Anne R.; Rieger, Oya Y. (Date Created: Apr 2000) (United States of America)
An RLG sponsored publication on digitization and digital preservation designed to assist in creating integrated digital imaging projects. Topics discussed include digital conversion, benchmarking, quality control, metadata, access and retrieval, image management and web delivery, digital preservation and the development and sustainability of digital imaging initiatives. It includes extra commentary from more than 50 experts in their field and numerous additional reference sources. Winner of the Society of the American Archivists 2001 Waldo Leland Gifford Award.
ISBN: 0-9700225-0-6
http://www.oclc.org/programs/publications/reports.htm
Available for dowload as PDF from OCLC Corporate Library Collection http://library.oclc.org/index.php
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Historical National Digital Preservation Initiatives: An Overview of Developments in Australia, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom and of Related International Activity
Beagrie, Neil (Date Created: Apr 2003)
This report, copublished by CLIR and the Library of Congress, examines national and international preservation initiatives in Australia, France, Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Although the report focuses on libraries, other organisations are also examined. The information was gathered over January and February 2002 by interviews, questionnaires and research. The report identifies underlying trends influencing preservation worldwide and includes several recommendations from national libraries to the NDIIPP.
ISBN: 1932326006
http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub116abst.html
Available online as full text or .pdf, or for purchase in print
Historical New Model Scholarship : How will it survive?
Smith, Abby (Date Created: Mar 2003)
This CLIR report (55 p.) discusses the issues in preserving digital scholarly resources. 'New model scholarship' is defined as those resources that are born digital, such as web sites, that will be of use to future researchers. The report looks at organisational approaches to preserving digital content and includes, as appendices, a review of organisational models for digital archiving and a survey of current research, practices and understanding of digital preservation in the United States.
ISBN: 1887334998
http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub114abst.html
Available online as full text or PDF, or for purchase in print
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Preservation Management of Digital Materials: A Handbook
Beagrie, Neil, JISC Digital Preservation Focus; Jones, Maggie, Arts and Humanities Data Service (Regularly Updated) (United Kingdom)
A 145 page handbook on the preservation management of digital materials compiled by staff from the JISC Digital Preservation Focus and the Arts and Humanities Data Service. Aimed at a broad audience, it includes sections containing definitions and issues, institutional strategies, organisational activities and media and formats. It gives examples of good practice and research initiatives from around the world and makes extensive use of decision trees and checklists as a way of assisting the reader to consider the issues.
ISBN: 0 7123 0886 5
http://www.dpconline.org/graphics/handbook/index.html
Online version available from 2002 maintained by the Digital Preservation Coalition.
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Historical Preserving and Sharing Statistical Material
Royal Statistical Society; UK Data Archive (Date Created: 2002) (United Kingdom)
This booklet is aimed at promoting the preservation and sharing of electronic data. it also discusses what should be preserved and includes the RSS Code of Best Practice on the Preservation and Sharing of Statistical Material.
ISBN: 0-906805-02-3
http://www.rss.org.uk/PDF/Archiving.pdf
Preserving Digital Entities : a Framework for Choosing and Testing Preservation Strategies
Rauch, Carl (Date Created: 17 Nov 2004)
This masters thesis (82 p.) analyses digital preservation from two perspectives. Firstly, a file format testbed is created to provide a framework to store and examine the formats from various digital preservation strategies. Secondly, the use of Utility Analysis to evaluate and compare digital preservation approaches. This theoretical approach involves the creation of a 'decision tree'
http://www.ifs.tuwien.ac.at/~rauch/CarlThesis.pdf
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Historical Preserving the Whole : A Two-Track Approach to Rescuing Social Science Data and Metadata
Dennis, Martin; Dionne, JoAnn; Green, Ann In: CLIR Reports (Date Created: Jun 1999)
This is the second publication of the Digital Library Federation and reflects the Federation's interests both in advancing the state of the art of social science data archives and in building the infrastructure necessary for the long-term maintenance of digital information. The paper (53 pp.) is especially valuable as a meticulously detailed case study of migration as a preservation strategy. It explores the options available for migrating both data stored in a technically obsolete format and associated documentation stored on paper.
ISBN: 1-887334-68-8
http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub83abst.html
Also available as PDF: http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub83/pub83.pdf
Historical Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries: 6th European Conference, ECDL 2002, Rome, Italy, September 16-18, 2002. Proceedings
Springer (Agosti, M; Thanos, C (Eds.)) (Date Created: Sep 2002)
Contains links to abstracts and papers presented at ECDL 2002 in areas of web archiving, e-book and web technologies, navigation, information and audiovisual retrieval, multimedia, preservation, classification and metadata. Access to the table of contents and abstracts is free-of-charge. (Series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol 2458)
ISBN: 3-540-44178-6
http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=issue&issn=0302-9743&vol
ume=2458
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Historical Risk Management of Digital Information : A File Format Investigation
Gregory W. Lawrence, William R. Kehoe, Oya Y. Reiger, William H. Walters and Kenney R. Anne (Date Created: Jun 2000) (United States of America) Reviewed by: Risk Management of Digital Information : A File Format Investigation
This report is based on investigations by Cornell University Library with support from CLIR on the identification of risks to digital file formats during migration. A work book for risk assessment was developed, identifying risk categories, measuring risk using worksheets, matrixes and evaluation of conversion comparison software. Two migration case studies are also discussed: one for image files and one for numeric files.
ISBN: 1-887334-78-5
http://www.clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub93abst.html
Available on CLIR's website or paper copy for US $20.00
Historical Using Emulation to Preserve Digital Documents
Rothenberg, Jeff (Date Created: Jul 2000) (Netherlands)
This book considers the problem of how to preserve digital documents from the perspective of the deposit library community. It discusses the theoretical and practical issues involved in using emulation as the preferred preservation strategy. There is also a theoretical cost comparison of emulation and migration.
ISBN: 906259145-0
http://www.kb.nl/pr/publ/expertise-en.html
Koninklijke Bibliotheek, PO Box 90407, 2509 LK The Hague, email: info@kb.nl & in PDF from website
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Historical Variable Media Approach - Permanence through Change
Depocas, Alain ; Ippolito, Jon ; Jones, Caitlin (Date Created: 2003)
The Variable Media Network is a group of cultural institutions in the USA seeking approaches to preserve digital art. Digital art is particularly evasive as it may be distributed, ephemeral, or interactive in nature. Possible preservation approaches may be emulation or also ‘re-interpretation’; the latter attempts to capture the key ideas of a piece of art and allows considerable freedom in reproducing these key ideas in the future. In any approach the artist must be tightly engaged in preservation activities. This publication describes the Variable Media Approach, at the basis of which is a questionnaire designed to capture the essence of a digital artwork. Numerous case studies illustrate the approach.
ISBN: 0-9684693-2-9
http://www.variablemedia.net/pdf/Permanence.pdf

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Events

Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei/ERPANET Workshop on Trusted Digital Repositories for Cultural Digital Heritage
17 - 19 Nov 2003 , Accademia Nazionale Dei Lincei, Rome (Italy) Has papers: Trusted Digital Repositories for Cultural Heritage
Presentations and final report of the workshop- Trusted digital repositories for cultural heritage is available from the ERPANET website.
http://www.erpanet.org/events/2003/rome/
CASPAR Training Day for the Cultural and Scientific Domains
12 - 13 Jan 2009 , Rome, Italy
CASPAR
(Italy)
This one day training event covered a range of topics including preservation threats,the preservation process, infrastructure, information conceptual models, authenticity, user needs of scientific community and a case study from the European Space Agency. Presentations available.
http://www.casparpreserves.eu/training/Members/meta